80
N. D. Hairuddin et al.
Table 5.1 Tilapia production of 9 top countries from 1980 to 2007 (FAO 2009)
Country
Production in tonnes (t)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2007
China
44,832 76,542 159,313 361,346
598,109
928,163
1,210,167
Egypt
9,000
22,346 24,916
21,969
157,425
217,019
265,862
Philippines 13,214 42,640 76,142
81,954
92,575
163,004
241,183
Indonesia
14,901 29,302 53,768
74,125
85,179
189,570
248,305
Thailand
8419
16,542 22,895
76,383
82,581
203,911
190,258
Brazil
Nr
Nr
Nr
12,014
32,459
67,851
95,091
Honduras
6
35
120
172
927
28,376
28,356
Colombia
93
300
2040
16,057
22,870
27,953
27,960
Malaysia
366
314
1145
8866
18,471
28,635
32,258
Nr: Not recorded
Fisheries 2015). Due to large scale availability of diverse freshwater bodies such as
lakes, reservoirs, ex-mining pools and irrigation canals, the potential for tilapia farming in Malaysia is high (Hamzah et al. 2014; Shrestha and Pant 2012). Hamzah et al.
(2014) reported that Oreochromis niloticus is widely cultured in ponds, cages, tanks
and pen culture system. In 2015, the recorded production in total for the year 2013
was 132,892 MT with value of RM 1,225 million and approximately 44,099 MT of
the total amount was Tilapia with the value worth RM 329 million (Department of
Fisheries 2015). Pradeep et al. (2010) stated that Nile tilapia contributes to the 80%
of total tilapia production and 20% of it is from Black tilapia.
5.3 Characteristics of Microalgae
The increasing needs for protein and the high cost of fishmeal have led to the requirement of finding new alternative to replace fishmeal (Sirakov et al. 2015). The most
accessible and inexpensive food component that can replace fishmeal is microalgae.
Microalgae is recognized as one of the oldest life forms on earth and it is a promising
source of biomass (Taelman et al. 2013). Microalgae also produce more biomass
than the terrestrial plants per unit area due to its higher efficiency in photosynthesis
(Chisti 2008; Packer 2009; Mata et al. 2010).
Production of microalgae does not compete directly with food crops because they
can be easily cultivated in almost any ecosystems including freshwater, brackish
water or saltwater depending on the species. Microalgae uses carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis process with the aid of other excess nutrients such as phosphorus and
nitrogen (Mohamed et al. 2018; Apandi et al. 2019a). According to Clarens et al.
(2010), these characteristics provide microalgae with capability to sequester carbon
dioxide and purify nutrient-rich wastewater (Yaakob et al. 2019; Apandi et al. 2019b).
N. D. Hairuddin et al.
Table 5.1 Tilapia production of 9 top countries from 1980 to 2007 (FAO 2009)
Country
Production in tonnes (t)
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2007
China
44,832 76,542 159,313 361,346
598,109
928,163
1,210,167
Egypt
9,000
22,346 24,916
21,969
157,425
217,019
265,862
Philippines 13,214 42,640 76,142
81,954
92,575
163,004
241,183
Indonesia
14,901 29,302 53,768
74,125
85,179
189,570
248,305
Thailand
8419
16,542 22,895
76,383
82,581
203,911
190,258
Brazil
Nr
Nr
Nr
12,014
32,459
67,851
95,091
Honduras
6
35
120
172
927
28,376
28,356
Colombia
93
300
2040
16,057
22,870
27,953
27,960
Malaysia
366
314
1145
8866
18,471
28,635
32,258
Nr: Not recorded
Fisheries 2015). Due to large scale availability of diverse freshwater bodies such as
lakes, reservoirs, ex-mining pools and irrigation canals, the potential for tilapia farming in Malaysia is high (Hamzah et al. 2014; Shrestha and Pant 2012). Hamzah et al.
(2014) reported that Oreochromis niloticus is widely cultured in ponds, cages, tanks
and pen culture system. In 2015, the recorded production in total for the year 2013
was 132,892 MT with value of RM 1,225 million and approximately 44,099 MT of
the total amount was Tilapia with the value worth RM 329 million (Department of
Fisheries 2015). Pradeep et al. (2010) stated that Nile tilapia contributes to the 80%
of total tilapia production and 20% of it is from Black tilapia.
5.3 Characteristics of Microalgae
The increasing needs for protein and the high cost of fishmeal have led to the requirement of finding new alternative to replace fishmeal (Sirakov et al. 2015). The most
accessible and inexpensive food component that can replace fishmeal is microalgae.
Microalgae is recognized as one of the oldest life forms on earth and it is a promising
source of biomass (Taelman et al. 2013). Microalgae also produce more biomass
than the terrestrial plants per unit area due to its higher efficiency in photosynthesis
(Chisti 2008; Packer 2009; Mata et al. 2010).
Production of microalgae does not compete directly with food crops because they
can be easily cultivated in almost any ecosystems including freshwater, brackish
water or saltwater depending on the species. Microalgae uses carbon dioxide during
photosynthesis process with the aid of other excess nutrients such as phosphorus and
nitrogen (Mohamed et al. 2018; Apandi et al. 2019a). According to Clarens et al.
(2010), these characteristics provide microalgae with capability to sequester carbon
dioxide and purify nutrient-rich wastewater (Yaakob et al. 2019; Apandi et al. 2019b).