34
S. S. Habtoor et al.
3.1 Introduction
Recent advancement of nanotechnology aimed to use the material at the atomic
and molecular levels to reach new nanometre-scale materials (Cheng et al. 2015).
Many researchers focused on the major properties of nanomaterials such as surface
morphologies, crystalline and molecular structure, porosity, electric and magnetic
properties as well as solubility of the particles, all these form and assembly properties are due to their small shape and size less than 100 nm (Fan and Zhang 2016).
Nanomaterials properties are sensitive toward sizes because the number of atoms
on the surfaces is identified by the sizes (Yashni et al. 2019a). The changes in sizes
change the number of atoms at the surfaces and thus changes the properties of nanomaterials drastically compared to their bulk properties (Boysen and Muir 2016). The
properties of nanoparticles change due to changes in chemical composition and particle size (Suresh 2014). The product obtained from the synthesized nanoparticles is
fascinating and observed different properties of the particles, including physical and
chemical properties, because of the quantitative effect and harmony of energy levels,
the proportion of atoms is higher on the surface of the nanomaterials due to increase
in surface area versus the volume ratio of nanoparticles (Hulkoti and Taranath 2014).
There are other noteworthy properties like crystalline nature for understanding elasticity and strength of materials, which basically correspond to different atoms’ and
molecules’ structural arrangement, increased catalytic properties such as high surfaces for chemical reaction and high electrical conductivity in the nanomaterials
(Kumar et al. 2012).
The unique properties, nanoparticles and nanomaterials offered have attracted
the interest of many researchers, especially in the fields of biomedicine, food and
feed, health care, drug delivery, environment, optics, light emulsions, health, cosmetics, aerospace, mechanical, chemical industries, electronics, and energy sciences
(Korbekandi and Iravani 2012). The changes in the sizes of nanoparticles created
new nanostructured materials that give unique properties within the nanometre area
that depends on the atom numbers that could form nanoclusters, rods, rings, or dots
(Ananya 2012). Many researchers continued to follow these trends of fabricating
nanomaterials including rare materials for the past years (Sun et al. 2000), directing
to development of nanotechnology field (Bréchignac et al. 2008).
Nanotechnology is mainly focused on the study of the formation, manufacture,
modification, and application of Nanosize materials that have at least one external
dimension within a range of size from 1 to 100 nm (Khan et al. 2017). In the past,
for reducing the size of components electronic devices were needed. However, after
the advent of the science of nanotechnology, many researchers apply and use this
technology in various fields such as chemistry, physics, biology, and other natural sciences (Mobasser and Firoozi 2016). Currently, nanotechnology has also been applied
in many aspects of life, such as clothing (Almeida and Ramos 2017); architecture
(Bovi et al. 2017); and cosmetics (Raj et al. 2012). Nanotechnology has the ability to
develop materials which can be applied in the manufacturing of medical instruments
and water purification tools, and it has also enhanced the development of small-scale
S. S. Habtoor et al.
3.1 Introduction
Recent advancement of nanotechnology aimed to use the material at the atomic
and molecular levels to reach new nanometre-scale materials (Cheng et al. 2015).
Many researchers focused on the major properties of nanomaterials such as surface
morphologies, crystalline and molecular structure, porosity, electric and magnetic
properties as well as solubility of the particles, all these form and assembly properties are due to their small shape and size less than 100 nm (Fan and Zhang 2016).
Nanomaterials properties are sensitive toward sizes because the number of atoms
on the surfaces is identified by the sizes (Yashni et al. 2019a). The changes in sizes
change the number of atoms at the surfaces and thus changes the properties of nanomaterials drastically compared to their bulk properties (Boysen and Muir 2016). The
properties of nanoparticles change due to changes in chemical composition and particle size (Suresh 2014). The product obtained from the synthesized nanoparticles is
fascinating and observed different properties of the particles, including physical and
chemical properties, because of the quantitative effect and harmony of energy levels,
the proportion of atoms is higher on the surface of the nanomaterials due to increase
in surface area versus the volume ratio of nanoparticles (Hulkoti and Taranath 2014).
There are other noteworthy properties like crystalline nature for understanding elasticity and strength of materials, which basically correspond to different atoms’ and
molecules’ structural arrangement, increased catalytic properties such as high surfaces for chemical reaction and high electrical conductivity in the nanomaterials
(Kumar et al. 2012).
The unique properties, nanoparticles and nanomaterials offered have attracted
the interest of many researchers, especially in the fields of biomedicine, food and
feed, health care, drug delivery, environment, optics, light emulsions, health, cosmetics, aerospace, mechanical, chemical industries, electronics, and energy sciences
(Korbekandi and Iravani 2012). The changes in the sizes of nanoparticles created
new nanostructured materials that give unique properties within the nanometre area
that depends on the atom numbers that could form nanoclusters, rods, rings, or dots
(Ananya 2012). Many researchers continued to follow these trends of fabricating
nanomaterials including rare materials for the past years (Sun et al. 2000), directing
to development of nanotechnology field (Bréchignac et al. 2008).
Nanotechnology is mainly focused on the study of the formation, manufacture,
modification, and application of Nanosize materials that have at least one external
dimension within a range of size from 1 to 100 nm (Khan et al. 2017). In the past,
for reducing the size of components electronic devices were needed. However, after
the advent of the science of nanotechnology, many researchers apply and use this
technology in various fields such as chemistry, physics, biology, and other natural sciences (Mobasser and Firoozi 2016). Currently, nanotechnology has also been applied
in many aspects of life, such as clothing (Almeida and Ramos 2017); architecture
(Bovi et al. 2017); and cosmetics (Raj et al. 2012). Nanotechnology has the ability to
develop materials which can be applied in the manufacturing of medical instruments
and water purification tools, and it has also enhanced the development of small-scale