28
M. Al-Sahari et al.
cellular growth. The produced bioflocculants are extracellular polymers comprise
complex multi-chains, heavy molecular polymers with repeating units of branched
sugar derivatives, glycoprotein, and polyols which formed during the microorganism growth (Pathak et al. 2015). The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of
microorganisms are produced generally intracellularly and exported outside the cell
wall except in some microbial strains such as levans and dextran which synthesis and
polymerize the EPS extracellularly. EPS have shown both the negative and positive
effect on the wastewater and sludge where it depends on the net negative and positive
ions (Sheng et al. 2010). EPS used the ion exchange mechanism in the flocculation
process where a study has been performed in heavy metal adsorption using EPS
found that Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ were released into the solution simultaneously (Yuncu
et al. 2006). EPS are negative in charge which enables these compounds to absorb
the positively charged particles at the water and wastewater through electrostatic
interaction.
2.8 Conclusion
It can be concluded that the natural coagulants (Plant, animal or microorganism)
have high applicability in the removing of wastewater pollutant more efficiently and
safer than the chemical coagulation which has many of the disadvantages as such
carcinogenic properties.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by GERAN INDUSTRI (M003) (Kajian Penilaian
Alam Sekitar Untuk Parlimen Simpang Renggam).
References
Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Rahman MAA, Johari MR, Kassim AHM (2016) Treatment of
wastewater from car washes using natural coagulation and filtration system. In: IOP conference
series: materials science and engineering, vol 136, no 1. IOP Publishing, p 012046
Al-Gheethi A, Noman E, Jeremiah David B, Mohamed R, Abdullah A, Nagapan S, Hashim Mohd
A (2018) A review of potential factors contributing to epidemic cholera in Yemen. J Water Health
16(5):667–680
Amran AH, Zaidi NS, Muda K, Loan LW (2018) Effectiveness of natural coagulant in coagulation
process: a review. Int J Eng Technol 7(3.9):34–37
Anju S, Mophin-Kani K (2016) Exploring the use of orange peel and neem leaf powder as alternative
coagulant in treatment of dairy wastewater. IJSER 7(4):238–244
Atiku H, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Wurochekke AA, Kassim AHM (2016) Harvesting
of microalgae biomass from the phycoremediation process of greywater. Environ Sci Pollut Res
23(24):24624–24641
AWWA Coagulation Committee (1989) Committee report: coagulation as an integrated water
treatment process. J-Am Water Works Assoc 81(10):72–78
M. Al-Sahari et al.
cellular growth. The produced bioflocculants are extracellular polymers comprise
complex multi-chains, heavy molecular polymers with repeating units of branched
sugar derivatives, glycoprotein, and polyols which formed during the microorganism growth (Pathak et al. 2015). The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of
microorganisms are produced generally intracellularly and exported outside the cell
wall except in some microbial strains such as levans and dextran which synthesis and
polymerize the EPS extracellularly. EPS have shown both the negative and positive
effect on the wastewater and sludge where it depends on the net negative and positive
ions (Sheng et al. 2010). EPS used the ion exchange mechanism in the flocculation
process where a study has been performed in heavy metal adsorption using EPS
found that Ca
2+ and Mg
2+ were released into the solution simultaneously (Yuncu
et al. 2006). EPS are negative in charge which enables these compounds to absorb
the positively charged particles at the water and wastewater through electrostatic
interaction.
2.8 Conclusion
It can be concluded that the natural coagulants (Plant, animal or microorganism)
have high applicability in the removing of wastewater pollutant more efficiently and
safer than the chemical coagulation which has many of the disadvantages as such
carcinogenic properties.
Acknowledgements The work was supported by GERAN INDUSTRI (M003) (Kajian Penilaian
Alam Sekitar Untuk Parlimen Simpang Renggam).
References
Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Rahman MAA, Johari MR, Kassim AHM (2016) Treatment of
wastewater from car washes using natural coagulation and filtration system. In: IOP conference
series: materials science and engineering, vol 136, no 1. IOP Publishing, p 012046
Al-Gheethi A, Noman E, Jeremiah David B, Mohamed R, Abdullah A, Nagapan S, Hashim Mohd
A (2018) A review of potential factors contributing to epidemic cholera in Yemen. J Water Health
16(5):667–680
Amran AH, Zaidi NS, Muda K, Loan LW (2018) Effectiveness of natural coagulant in coagulation
process: a review. Int J Eng Technol 7(3.9):34–37
Anju S, Mophin-Kani K (2016) Exploring the use of orange peel and neem leaf powder as alternative
coagulant in treatment of dairy wastewater. IJSER 7(4):238–244
Atiku H, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Wurochekke AA, Kassim AHM (2016) Harvesting
of microalgae biomass from the phycoremediation process of greywater. Environ Sci Pollut Res
23(24):24624–24641
AWWA Coagulation Committee (1989) Committee report: coagulation as an integrated water
treatment process. J-Am Water Works Assoc 81(10):72–78