9 Struvite Crystallization: An Effective Technology …
147
Table 9.2
Recent studies on NH
4
−N removal by struvite recovery for different types of wastewater
Wastewater
type
Optimum
Mg source
P source
Reaction
time *
NH
4
−N
References
pH
Mg:N:P
Initial
concentration
(mg/L)
Removal
(%)
Landfill
leachate
9.5
1.15:1:1
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
Na
2 HPO
4 · 2H
2 O
50 s
2,520
± 100
86
Zhang et al.
(2009a, b)
10.0
1:1:1
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
NaH
2 PO
4
30 min
610–640
88
Chen et al.
(2013)
9.0
1:1.2:1.2
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
H
3 PO
4 (75%)
2 h
2,620
92
Siciliano
et al. (2016)
9.0
2:1:1
MgO
H
3 PO
4
30 min
2,600
95
Di Iaconi
et al. (2010)
8.0 **
1.4:1:0.8
MgO
NaH
2 PO
4
1 h
3,126
85
Li et al.
(2012)
7.82
1:1:1.05
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
NaH
2 PO
4
–
2,269
89
Jaafarzadeh
et al. (2010)
9.0
1.2:1:1.2
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
Na
2 HPO
4 · 12H
2 O
13 min
1,500
96.6
Akkaya
et al. (2010)
10
1.3:1:1.3
Bittern (97% MgCl
2 )
Bone-meal waste
1 min
2,600
90
Siciliano
et al. (2013)
8.5
1:1:1
Magnesit (98% MgCO
3 )
H
3 PO
4
15 min
2,600
98
Gunay et al.
(2008b)
8.5
1:1:1
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
Na
2 HPO
4 · 12H
2 O
25 min
2,600
98
Gunay et al.
(2008a)
Digested dairy
manure
10.0
1:1.2:1
MgCl
2 · 6H
2 O
Na
3 PO
4 · 12H
2 O
40 min
1,013–1,426
87
Zhang et al.
(2012)
(continued)