7 Reduction of Seafood Processing Wastewater …
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Alternative emerging technologies such as biofringe with combined fibres offer a
potential solution for wastewater streams (Weerasekara et al. 2016).
7.2.3 Characteristics of Seafood Industry Wastewater
The main concern of seafood processing wastewater is their characteristics including
contaminant parameters, sources of process, and types of resource used. The characteristics of seafood processing wastewater are equivalent to sewage wastewater
including parameters such as physicochemical properties, organic matter, nitrogen
and phosphorus contents. Important indicators for pollutant constituents of wastewater include BOD 5 , chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS),
oil & grease and heavy metals. As in most industrial wastewater, the contaminants
present in seafood processing wastewater are undefined mixture of substances, mostly
organics in nature. It is impossible to do a detailed analysis for each element present;
therefore, overall measurement on the degree of pollution is sufficed (US EPA 2003;
Chowdhury et al. 2010).
7.2.4 Process of Seafood Production and Wastewater
Generation
There are many groups of products from seafood industries based on raw material
types (i.e. fresh/frozen) and value-added (degree of processing and value content).
Figure 7.2 shows some seafood product categories in seafood processing industry
(Sohsalam et al. 2008; Rodriguez et al. 2011). Seafood processing units produce
wastewater, which results from activities of washing and cutting of raw materials,
defrosting, gutting, scaling, portioning and filling of fish. Therefore, the wastewater
contains large quantities of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate, and heavy metals
from freezing and canning processes. The effluent stream from canning operations
includes cleaning of cans, brines and oil from filing operation, spilling of sauces
and precooking condensate. When the effluent streams are discharged without treatment into river or sea, the pollutant will cause eutrophication and oxygen depletion.
Figure 7.3 shows the generation of wastewater from seafood processing industries
(MetCalf and Eddy 2004; Sohsalam et al. 2008; Rajab et al. 2017).
Seafood processing wastewater consists of various types of wastes such as blood,
offal products, viscera, fins, fish heads, shells, skins, and meat fines. The main operations in the seafood industry include the process of receiving the product, boat
unloading, sorting, weighing, preparation (cutting, scaling, filleting, skinning, gut),
inspection and trimming, and processing of products such as marinades, and further
processing (canning and packaging), packaging, and dispatching. However, most of
the organic materials in the wastewater such as blood and gut materials come from
105
Alternative emerging technologies such as biofringe with combined fibres offer a
potential solution for wastewater streams (Weerasekara et al. 2016).
7.2.3 Characteristics of Seafood Industry Wastewater
The main concern of seafood processing wastewater is their characteristics including
contaminant parameters, sources of process, and types of resource used. The characteristics of seafood processing wastewater are equivalent to sewage wastewater
including parameters such as physicochemical properties, organic matter, nitrogen
and phosphorus contents. Important indicators for pollutant constituents of wastewater include BOD 5 , chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS),
oil & grease and heavy metals. As in most industrial wastewater, the contaminants
present in seafood processing wastewater are undefined mixture of substances, mostly
organics in nature. It is impossible to do a detailed analysis for each element present;
therefore, overall measurement on the degree of pollution is sufficed (US EPA 2003;
Chowdhury et al. 2010).
7.2.4 Process of Seafood Production and Wastewater
Generation
There are many groups of products from seafood industries based on raw material
types (i.e. fresh/frozen) and value-added (degree of processing and value content).
Figure 7.2 shows some seafood product categories in seafood processing industry
(Sohsalam et al. 2008; Rodriguez et al. 2011). Seafood processing units produce
wastewater, which results from activities of washing and cutting of raw materials,
defrosting, gutting, scaling, portioning and filling of fish. Therefore, the wastewater
contains large quantities of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphate, and heavy metals
from freezing and canning processes. The effluent stream from canning operations
includes cleaning of cans, brines and oil from filing operation, spilling of sauces
and precooking condensate. When the effluent streams are discharged without treatment into river or sea, the pollutant will cause eutrophication and oxygen depletion.
Figure 7.3 shows the generation of wastewater from seafood processing industries
(MetCalf and Eddy 2004; Sohsalam et al. 2008; Rajab et al. 2017).
Seafood processing wastewater consists of various types of wastes such as blood,
offal products, viscera, fins, fish heads, shells, skins, and meat fines. The main operations in the seafood industry include the process of receiving the product, boat
unloading, sorting, weighing, preparation (cutting, scaling, filleting, skinning, gut),
inspection and trimming, and processing of products such as marinades, and further
processing (canning and packaging), packaging, and dispatching. However, most of
the organic materials in the wastewater such as blood and gut materials come from