wastewater that is generated from a home or community including toilet, bath,
laundry, lavatory, and kitchen-sink wastes and surface runoff. Examples of liquid
waste include industrial effluents, sewage, etc. They may be classified into:
1. Sanitary sewage
2. Industrial sewage
1. Sanitary sewage: It is also called domestic sewage which contains human
wastes and waste water from homes, public buildings, or commercial and
industrial establishments. The untreated domestic sewage causes pollution to
the receiving water body as it contains objectionable matter like organic
matter, nutrients, and toxic elements. The organic matter leads to an increase
in the biochemical oxygen demand that causes depletion in the dissolved
oxygen of the receiving water body. Excessive nutrients (N&P) cause the
problem of algal growth and eutrophication. Toxic elements include heavy
metals, pesticides, and industrial xenobiotic pollutants that pose a serious
threat to the living biota of receiving water bodies (CPCB 2009).
2. Industrial sewage: These are also called industrial effluents that are produced
or released as wastewater from manufacturing processes. Different industries
produce different types of wastewater as the raw material used by the industrial
units differs from one another. It usually carries a variety of chemical compounds. If this water is released into the soil and water sources, they pollute the
soil and affect the aquatic life and also ultimately human health. A large
amount of wastewater is released from many industrial units annually, but
little of it is being treated. Some of the industries that produce industrial
effluents include textile, leather, and beverage industry, pharmaceutical
industry, etc.
6.3 Management of Solid and Liquid Waste
6.3.1 Solid Waste Treatment
1. Thermal process: It is the process in which waste is degraded by heating at high
temperatures.
6.3.1.1 Incineration
It is referred to as the combustion of waste at high temperatures and ultimately ends
up releasing toxic chemicals. Dioxins and furans are key toxic elements released as a
by-product during incineration. Incineration not only releases toxic but consumes a
lot of energy to run the process. The burning of solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes under
“controlled” conditions is called incineration. The “controlled” conditions consist of
a combustion chamber with enriched oxygen at high temperatures and the use of
6 Vermitechnology: A Sustainable Approach in the Management of Solid and Liquid. . .
91
laundry, lavatory, and kitchen-sink wastes and surface runoff. Examples of liquid
waste include industrial effluents, sewage, etc. They may be classified into:
1. Sanitary sewage
2. Industrial sewage
1. Sanitary sewage: It is also called domestic sewage which contains human
wastes and waste water from homes, public buildings, or commercial and
industrial establishments. The untreated domestic sewage causes pollution to
the receiving water body as it contains objectionable matter like organic
matter, nutrients, and toxic elements. The organic matter leads to an increase
in the biochemical oxygen demand that causes depletion in the dissolved
oxygen of the receiving water body. Excessive nutrients (N&P) cause the
problem of algal growth and eutrophication. Toxic elements include heavy
metals, pesticides, and industrial xenobiotic pollutants that pose a serious
threat to the living biota of receiving water bodies (CPCB 2009).
2. Industrial sewage: These are also called industrial effluents that are produced
or released as wastewater from manufacturing processes. Different industries
produce different types of wastewater as the raw material used by the industrial
units differs from one another. It usually carries a variety of chemical compounds. If this water is released into the soil and water sources, they pollute the
soil and affect the aquatic life and also ultimately human health. A large
amount of wastewater is released from many industrial units annually, but
little of it is being treated. Some of the industries that produce industrial
effluents include textile, leather, and beverage industry, pharmaceutical
industry, etc.
6.3 Management of Solid and Liquid Waste
6.3.1 Solid Waste Treatment
1. Thermal process: It is the process in which waste is degraded by heating at high
temperatures.
6.3.1.1 Incineration
It is referred to as the combustion of waste at high temperatures and ultimately ends
up releasing toxic chemicals. Dioxins and furans are key toxic elements released as a
by-product during incineration. Incineration not only releases toxic but consumes a
lot of energy to run the process. The burning of solid, liquid, or gaseous wastes under
“controlled” conditions is called incineration. The “controlled” conditions consist of
a combustion chamber with enriched oxygen at high temperatures and the use of
6 Vermitechnology: A Sustainable Approach in the Management of Solid and Liquid. . .
91