Sinha RK, Chandran V, Soni BK, Patel U, Ghosh A (2012) Earthworms: nature’s chemical
managers and detoxifying agents in the environment: an innovative study on treatment of
toxic wastewaters from the petroleum industry by vermifiltration technology. Environmentalist
32(4):445–452
Sun G, Gray KR, Biddlestone AJ (1999) Treatment of agricultural wastewater in a pilot-scale tidal
flow reed bed system. Environ Technol 20(2):233–223
Suthar S, Singh S (2008) Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture
vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes. Ecol Eng 33(3–4):210–219
Telang S, Patel H (2015) Vermi-biofiltration-a low cost treatment for dairy wastewater. Int J Sci Res
4(7):595–599
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Tunçsiper B, Ayaz SÇ, Akça L (2012) Coliform bacteria removal from septic wastewater in a pilotscale combined constructed wetland system. Environ Eng Manag J 11(10):1873–1879
Vymazal J (2005) Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for
wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 25(5):478–490
Wang DB, Zhang ZY, Li XM, Zheng W, Yang Q, Ding Y et al (2010a) A full-scale treatment of
freeway toll-gate domestic sewage using ecology filter integrated constructed rapid infiltration.
Ecol Eng 36(6):827–831
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ (2010b) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement
by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36(4):489–494
Wang L, Guo F, Zheng Z, Luo X, Zhang J (2011) Enhancement of rural domestic sewage treatment
performance, and assessment of microbial community diversity and structure using tower
vermifiltration. Bioresour Technol 102(20):9462–9470
Wei Y, Van Houten RT, Borger AR, Eikelboom DH, Fan Y (2003) Minimization of excess sludge
production for biological wastewater treatment. Water Res 37(18):4453–4467
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9(44):7513–7520
Xing M, Wang Y, Liu J, Yu F (2011) A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and
sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. J Hazard Mater 185
(2–3):881–888
Xing M, Li X, Yang J, Lv B, Lu Y (2012) Performance and mechanism of vermifiltration system for
liquid-state sewage sludge treatment using molecular and stable isotopic techniques. Chem Eng
J 197:143–150
Xu D, Li Y, Howard A (2013a) Influence of earthworm Eisenia fetida on removal efficiency of N
and P in vertical flow constructed wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(9):5922–5929
Xu D, Li Y, Howard A, Guan Y (2013b) Effect of earthworm Eisenia fetida and wetland plants on
nitrification and denitrification potentials in vertical flow constructed wetland. Chemosphere 92
(2):201–206
Ye J, Wang L, Li D, Han W, Ye C (2012) Vertical oxygen distribution trend and oxygen source
analysis for vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater. Ecol Eng 41:8–12
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm–microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44(8):2572–2582
3 Treatment of Wastewater by Vermifiltration Integrated with Plants
51
managers and detoxifying agents in the environment: an innovative study on treatment of
toxic wastewaters from the petroleum industry by vermifiltration technology. Environmentalist
32(4):445–452
Sun G, Gray KR, Biddlestone AJ (1999) Treatment of agricultural wastewater in a pilot-scale tidal
flow reed bed system. Environ Technol 20(2):233–223
Suthar S, Singh S (2008) Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture
vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes. Ecol Eng 33(3–4):210–219
Telang S, Patel H (2015) Vermi-biofiltration-a low cost treatment for dairy wastewater. Int J Sci Res
4(7):595–599
Tomar P, Suthar S (2011) Urban wastewater treatment using vermi-biofiltration system. Desalination 282:95–103
Tunçsiper B, Ayaz SÇ, Akça L (2012) Coliform bacteria removal from septic wastewater in a pilotscale combined constructed wetland system. Environ Eng Manag J 11(10):1873–1879
Vymazal J (2005) Horizontal sub-surface flow and hybrid constructed wetlands systems for
wastewater treatment. Ecol Eng 25(5):478–490
Wang DB, Zhang ZY, Li XM, Zheng W, Yang Q, Ding Y et al (2010a) A full-scale treatment of
freeway toll-gate domestic sewage using ecology filter integrated constructed rapid infiltration.
Ecol Eng 36(6):827–831
Wang S, Yang J, Lou SJ (2010b) Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement
by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. Ecol Eng 36(4):489–494
Wang L, Guo F, Zheng Z, Luo X, Zhang J (2011) Enhancement of rural domestic sewage treatment
performance, and assessment of microbial community diversity and structure using tower
vermifiltration. Bioresour Technol 102(20):9462–9470
Wei Y, Van Houten RT, Borger AR, Eikelboom DH, Fan Y (2003) Minimization of excess sludge
production for biological wastewater treatment. Water Res 37(18):4453–4467
Xing M, Li X, Yang J (2010) Treatment performance of small-scale vermifilter for domestic
wastewater and its relationship to earthworm growth, reproduction and enzymatic activity.
Afr J Biotechnol 9(44):7513–7520
Xing M, Wang Y, Liu J, Yu F (2011) A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and
sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. J Hazard Mater 185
(2–3):881–888
Xing M, Li X, Yang J, Lv B, Lu Y (2012) Performance and mechanism of vermifiltration system for
liquid-state sewage sludge treatment using molecular and stable isotopic techniques. Chem Eng
J 197:143–150
Xu D, Li Y, Howard A (2013a) Influence of earthworm Eisenia fetida on removal efficiency of N
and P in vertical flow constructed wetland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20(9):5922–5929
Xu D, Li Y, Howard A, Guan Y (2013b) Effect of earthworm Eisenia fetida and wetland plants on
nitrification and denitrification potentials in vertical flow constructed wetland. Chemosphere 92
(2):201–206
Ye J, Wang L, Li D, Han W, Ye C (2012) Vertical oxygen distribution trend and oxygen source
analysis for vertical-flow constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater. Ecol Eng 41:8–12
Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang J, Xing M, Li X, Yi D, Deng D (2010) Earthworm–microorganism
interactions: a strategy to stabilize domestic wastewater sludge. Water Res 44(8):2572–2582
3 Treatment of Wastewater by Vermifiltration Integrated with Plants
51