Bustos-Obregón E, Goicochea RI (2002) Pesticide soil contamination mainly affects earthworm
male reproductive parameters. Asian J Androl 4(3):195–200
Cikutovic MA, Fitzpatrick LC, Venables BJ, Goven AJ (1993) Sperm count in earthworms
(Lumbricus terrestris) as a biomarker for environmental toxicology: effects of cadmium and
chlordane. Environ Pollut 81(2):123–125
Darling CT, Thomas VG (2005) Lead bioaccumulation in earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, from
exposure to lead compounds of differing solubility. Sci Total Environ 346(1–3):70–80
Fairbrother A, Glazebrook PW, van Straalen NM, Tarazona JV (1999) Test methods for hazard
determination of metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds in soils: summary of a SETAC
Pellston workshop, 19–23 June, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
Gupta SK, Saxena PN (2003) Carbaryl-induced behavioural and reproductive abnormalities in the
earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model. Altern Lab Anim 31(6):587–593
Hobbelen PHF, Koolhaas JE, Van Gestel CAM (2006) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the
earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa in relation to total and available
metal concentrations in field soils. Environ Pollut 144(2):639–646
ISO (2012) ISO 11268-1: Soil-quality-effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida)—part 1:
determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate. International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), Geneva
Løkke H, Van Gestel CAM (1998) Handbook of soil invertebrate toxicity tests. Wiley, Chichester
Lourenço JI, Pereira RO, Silva AC, Morgado JM, Carvalho FP, Oliveira JM, Malta MP, Paiva AA,
Mendo SA, Gonçalves FJ (2011) Genotoxic endpoints in the earthworms sub-lethal assay to
evaluate natural soils contaminated by metals and radionuclides. J Hazard Mater 186
(1):788–795
Nath BS, Suresh A, Varma BM, Kumar RS (1997) Changes in protein metabolism in hemolymph
and fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in response to
organophosphorus insecticides toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 36(2):169–173
OECD (1984) Test no. 207: Earthworm, acute toxicity tests, OECD Guidelines for the testing of
chemicals, section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris
OECD (2016) Test no. 222: Earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei), OECD
Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris
Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ (2007) The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on
earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66(2):244–251
Shi Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Lu Y, Yan S (2007) Comparative effects of lindane and deltamethrin on
mortality, growth, and cellulase activity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Pestic Biochem Physiol
89(1):31–38
Suh CPC, Orr DB, Van Duyn JW (2000) Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum
(Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) preimaginal development and adult survival. J Econ
Entomol 93(3):577–583
Suthar S (2014) Toxicity of methyl parathion on growth and reproduction of three ecologically
different tropical earthworms. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(1):191–198
Suthar S, Singh S, Dhawan S (2008) Earthworms as bioindicator of metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and
Cd) in soils: is metal bioaccumulation affected by their ecological category? Ecol Eng 32
(2):99–107
Takada Y, Kawamura S, Tanaka T (2000) Biological characteristics: growth and development of
the egg parasitoid Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool 35
(3):369–379
Van Gestel CAM (1992) Validation of earthworm toxicity tests by comparison with field studies: a
review of benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 23
(2):221–236
Van Gestel CAM, Ortiz MD, Borgman E, Verweij RA (2011) The bioaccumulation of molybdenum
in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: influence of soil properties and ageing. Chemosphere 82
(11):1614–1619
362
A. Nath and S. Hait
male reproductive parameters. Asian J Androl 4(3):195–200
Cikutovic MA, Fitzpatrick LC, Venables BJ, Goven AJ (1993) Sperm count in earthworms
(Lumbricus terrestris) as a biomarker for environmental toxicology: effects of cadmium and
chlordane. Environ Pollut 81(2):123–125
Darling CT, Thomas VG (2005) Lead bioaccumulation in earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, from
exposure to lead compounds of differing solubility. Sci Total Environ 346(1–3):70–80
Fairbrother A, Glazebrook PW, van Straalen NM, Tarazona JV (1999) Test methods for hazard
determination of metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds in soils: summary of a SETAC
Pellston workshop, 19–23 June, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain
Gupta SK, Saxena PN (2003) Carbaryl-induced behavioural and reproductive abnormalities in the
earthworm Metaphire posthuma: a sensitive model. Altern Lab Anim 31(6):587–593
Hobbelen PHF, Koolhaas JE, Van Gestel CAM (2006) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the
earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Aporrectodea caliginosa in relation to total and available
metal concentrations in field soils. Environ Pollut 144(2):639–646
ISO (2012) ISO 11268-1: Soil-quality-effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida)—part 1:
determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate. International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), Geneva
Løkke H, Van Gestel CAM (1998) Handbook of soil invertebrate toxicity tests. Wiley, Chichester
Lourenço JI, Pereira RO, Silva AC, Morgado JM, Carvalho FP, Oliveira JM, Malta MP, Paiva AA,
Mendo SA, Gonçalves FJ (2011) Genotoxic endpoints in the earthworms sub-lethal assay to
evaluate natural soils contaminated by metals and radionuclides. J Hazard Mater 186
(1):788–795
Nath BS, Suresh A, Varma BM, Kumar RS (1997) Changes in protein metabolism in hemolymph
and fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in response to
organophosphorus insecticides toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 36(2):169–173
OECD (1984) Test no. 207: Earthworm, acute toxicity tests, OECD Guidelines for the testing of
chemicals, section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris
OECD (2016) Test no. 222: Earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei), OECD
Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 2. OECD Publishing, Paris
Reinecke SA, Reinecke AJ (2007) The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on
earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66(2):244–251
Shi Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Lu Y, Yan S (2007) Comparative effects of lindane and deltamethrin on
mortality, growth, and cellulase activity in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Pestic Biochem Physiol
89(1):31–38
Suh CPC, Orr DB, Van Duyn JW (2000) Effect of insecticides on Trichogramma exiguum
(Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) preimaginal development and adult survival. J Econ
Entomol 93(3):577–583
Suthar S (2014) Toxicity of methyl parathion on growth and reproduction of three ecologically
different tropical earthworms. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11(1):191–198
Suthar S, Singh S, Dhawan S (2008) Earthworms as bioindicator of metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and
Cd) in soils: is metal bioaccumulation affected by their ecological category? Ecol Eng 32
(2):99–107
Takada Y, Kawamura S, Tanaka T (2000) Biological characteristics: growth and development of
the egg parasitoid Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl Entomol Zool 35
(3):369–379
Van Gestel CAM (1992) Validation of earthworm toxicity tests by comparison with field studies: a
review of benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 23
(2):221–236
Van Gestel CAM, Ortiz MD, Borgman E, Verweij RA (2011) The bioaccumulation of molybdenum
in the earthworm Eisenia andrei: influence of soil properties and ageing. Chemosphere 82
(11):1614–1619
362
A. Nath and S. Hait