sanitation: a sustainable integrated solution. Proceedings of the third international ecological
sanitation conference, Durban, South Africa, 23–26 May 2005, pp 418–426. http://confer
ence2005.ecosan.org/papers/mnkeni_et_al.pdf
Mnkeni PNS, Kutu FR, Muchaonyerwa P, Austin LM (2008) Evaluation of human urine as a source
of nutrients for selected vegetables and maize under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern
Cape, South Africa. Waste Manag Res 26:132
Mowa E (2015) Organic manure for vegetable production under hydroponic conditions in arid
Namibia. Int Sci Technol J Namibia 5:3–12
Mupambwa HA (2015) Optimization of bio-conversion and nutrient release from coal fly ash
amended cow dung–waste paper composts using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and effective
micro-organisms. PhD thesis, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
Mupambwa HA, Mnkeni PNS (2018) Optimizing the vermicomposting of organic waste materials
for production of nutrient rich organic fertilizers: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res
25:10577–10595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1328-4
Mupambwa HA, Wakindiki IIC (2012) Influence of mono- and biculture cover cropping systems on
soil polysaccharides and aggregate stability in a sandy loam Oakleaf soil in Eastern Cape,
South Africa. S Afr J Plant Soil 29(3-4):165–171
Mupambwa HA, Dube E, Mnkeni PNS (2015) Fly ash composting to improve fertiliser value—a
review. S Afr J Sci 111(7/8), 6 p
Mupambwa HA, Ravindran B, Mnkeni PNS (2016) Potential of effective micro-organisms and
Eisenia fetida in enhancing vermi-degradation and nutrient release of fly ash incorporated into
cow dung–paper waste mixture. Waste Manag 48:165–173
Mupambwa HA, Lukashe SN, Mnkeni PNS (2017) Suitability of fly ash vermicompost as a
component of pine bark growing media: effects on media physicochemical properties and
ornamental marigold (Tagetes spp.) growth and flowering. Comp Sci Util 25(1):48–61
Mupambwa HA, Hausiku MK, Nciizah AD, Dube E (2019) The unique Namib desert-coastal
region and its opportunities for climate smart agriculture: a review. Cogent Food Agric
5:1645258
Naguib NYM (2011) Organic vs chemical fertilization of medicinal plants: a concise review of
researches. Adv Environ Biol 5(2):394–400
Padmavathiamma PK, Li LY, Kumari UR (2008) An experimental study of vermi-biowaste
composting for agricultural soil improvement. Bioresour Technol 99:1672–1681
Parthasarathi K, Balamurugan M, Ranganathan LS (2008) Influence of vermicompost on the
physico-chemical and biological properties in different types of soil along with yield and quality
of the pulse crop-blackgram. Iran J Environ Health, Sci Eng 5:51–58
Paull J, Hennig B (2011) A world map of organic agriculture. Eur J Soc Sci 24:3
Peyvast G, Olfati JA, Madeni S, Forghani A (2007) Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield
of spinach (Spinach oleracea L.). J Food, Agri Environ 6:133–135
Quaik S, Ibrahim MH (2013) A review on potential of vermicomposting derived liquids in
agricultural use. Int J Sci Res Publ 3(3)
Quaik S, Embrandiri A, Rupani PF, Ibrahim MH (2012) Potential of vermicomposting leachate as
organic foliar fertilizer and nutrient solution in hydroponic culture: a review. In: Second
international conference on environment and bioscience, IPCBEE, vol 44. IACSIT Press,
Singapore. https://doi.org/10.7763/IPCBEE.2012.V44.10
Rahmann G, Ardakani MR, Bàrberi P, Boehm H, Canali S, Chander M, David W et al (2017)
Organic agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research. Org Agric 7:169–197
Rajiv S, Sunil H, Dalsukhbhai V, Krunalkumar C (2009) Earthworms vermicompost: a powerful
crop nutrient over the conventional compost & Protective soil conditioner against the destructive
chemical fertilizers for food safety and security. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 5(S):01–55
Ravindran B, Contreras-Ramos SM, Sekaran G (2015) Changes in earthworm gut associated
enzymes and microbial diversity on the treatment of fermented tannery waste using epigeic
earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Ecol Eng 74:394–401
18 Some Perspectives on Vermicompost Utilization in Organic Agriculture
329
sanitation conference, Durban, South Africa, 23–26 May 2005, pp 418–426. http://confer
ence2005.ecosan.org/papers/mnkeni_et_al.pdf
Mnkeni PNS, Kutu FR, Muchaonyerwa P, Austin LM (2008) Evaluation of human urine as a source
of nutrients for selected vegetables and maize under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern
Cape, South Africa. Waste Manag Res 26:132
Mowa E (2015) Organic manure for vegetable production under hydroponic conditions in arid
Namibia. Int Sci Technol J Namibia 5:3–12
Mupambwa HA (2015) Optimization of bio-conversion and nutrient release from coal fly ash
amended cow dung–waste paper composts using earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and effective
micro-organisms. PhD thesis, University of Fort Hare, South Africa
Mupambwa HA, Mnkeni PNS (2018) Optimizing the vermicomposting of organic waste materials
for production of nutrient rich organic fertilizers: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res
25:10577–10595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1328-4
Mupambwa HA, Wakindiki IIC (2012) Influence of mono- and biculture cover cropping systems on
soil polysaccharides and aggregate stability in a sandy loam Oakleaf soil in Eastern Cape,
South Africa. S Afr J Plant Soil 29(3-4):165–171
Mupambwa HA, Dube E, Mnkeni PNS (2015) Fly ash composting to improve fertiliser value—a
review. S Afr J Sci 111(7/8), 6 p
Mupambwa HA, Ravindran B, Mnkeni PNS (2016) Potential of effective micro-organisms and
Eisenia fetida in enhancing vermi-degradation and nutrient release of fly ash incorporated into
cow dung–paper waste mixture. Waste Manag 48:165–173
Mupambwa HA, Lukashe SN, Mnkeni PNS (2017) Suitability of fly ash vermicompost as a
component of pine bark growing media: effects on media physicochemical properties and
ornamental marigold (Tagetes spp.) growth and flowering. Comp Sci Util 25(1):48–61
Mupambwa HA, Hausiku MK, Nciizah AD, Dube E (2019) The unique Namib desert-coastal
region and its opportunities for climate smart agriculture: a review. Cogent Food Agric
5:1645258
Naguib NYM (2011) Organic vs chemical fertilization of medicinal plants: a concise review of
researches. Adv Environ Biol 5(2):394–400
Padmavathiamma PK, Li LY, Kumari UR (2008) An experimental study of vermi-biowaste
composting for agricultural soil improvement. Bioresour Technol 99:1672–1681
Parthasarathi K, Balamurugan M, Ranganathan LS (2008) Influence of vermicompost on the
physico-chemical and biological properties in different types of soil along with yield and quality
of the pulse crop-blackgram. Iran J Environ Health, Sci Eng 5:51–58
Paull J, Hennig B (2011) A world map of organic agriculture. Eur J Soc Sci 24:3
Peyvast G, Olfati JA, Madeni S, Forghani A (2007) Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield
of spinach (Spinach oleracea L.). J Food, Agri Environ 6:133–135
Quaik S, Ibrahim MH (2013) A review on potential of vermicomposting derived liquids in
agricultural use. Int J Sci Res Publ 3(3)
Quaik S, Embrandiri A, Rupani PF, Ibrahim MH (2012) Potential of vermicomposting leachate as
organic foliar fertilizer and nutrient solution in hydroponic culture: a review. In: Second
international conference on environment and bioscience, IPCBEE, vol 44. IACSIT Press,
Singapore. https://doi.org/10.7763/IPCBEE.2012.V44.10
Rahmann G, Ardakani MR, Bàrberi P, Boehm H, Canali S, Chander M, David W et al (2017)
Organic agriculture 3.0 is innovation with research. Org Agric 7:169–197
Rajiv S, Sunil H, Dalsukhbhai V, Krunalkumar C (2009) Earthworms vermicompost: a powerful
crop nutrient over the conventional compost & Protective soil conditioner against the destructive
chemical fertilizers for food safety and security. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 5(S):01–55
Ravindran B, Contreras-Ramos SM, Sekaran G (2015) Changes in earthworm gut associated
enzymes and microbial diversity on the treatment of fermented tannery waste using epigeic
earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Ecol Eng 74:394–401
18 Some Perspectives on Vermicompost Utilization in Organic Agriculture
329