Millennium Dome. This BAF technology was reported to remove suspended solids
(SS) and carbonaceous organics with microorganisms. It was also reported that there
was reduction of BOD from 50–240 mg/L BOD to 1–15 mg/L and reduction of SS,
from 48–124 to 2–5 mg/L by BAF. Jefferson et al. (2000) reported that membrane
bioreactors (MBR) were able to stabilize variations in influent water quality effectively. MBR had the highest efficacy of treatment for wastewater far beyond the
performance of membrane aerated bioreactors (MABR) and BAFs. Traditional
method of domestic grey water treatment like reed bed or pond systems has been
utilizing many types of aquatic macrophytes. Mars et al. (1999) examined
submergent macrophytes such as Schoenoplectus validus and Triglochin huegelii
in Western Australia. From the test it was proved that efficient removal of nitrogen
and phosphorous was done by T. huegelii. The authors suggested that for efficient
nutrient stripping lagoons, wetlands and constructed basins filled with plants like this
can be used. Although this has its positive points (eco-friendly and cost-effective), it
has its limitation like requirement of large area and unaesthetic. Jasti et al. (2006)
carried out a study on treatment of corn processing wastewater in an attached growth
system of Rhizopus oligosporus fungi. A maximum chemical oxygen demand
(COD) removal of 78% was achieved at a 5 h HRT, while COD removal reduced
to 70% at a 2.5 h HRT. Dixon et al. (1999) studied the water-saving potential of a
combination of wastewater reuse and rainwater harvesting on an urban housing
environment. The data collected from a small-scale study of domestic water appliance usage was analysed, from which cumulative frequency distributions were
derived for each hour of the day and for occupancy.
Effect of the application of a water extract of M. oleifera seed to a wastewater
treatment sequence comprising coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation–sand filtration was studied by Bhuptawat et al. (2007). At the application of 50 and 100 mg/L
M. oleifera doses, there was an overall COD removal of 50%. However, COD
removal increased to 58 and 64%, respectively, when 50 and 100 mg/L seed doses
were applied in combination with 10 mg/L of alum. It was observed that the majority
of COD removal occurred during the filtration process. Ghangrekar et al. (2007)
demonstrated an effective treatment of the sewage by using natural treatment
systems and using of treated wastewater for aquaculture. Morari and Giardini
(2009) studied the treatment effect of two pilot-scale vertical flow constructed
wetlands (VFCWs) on municipal wastewaters and their suitability for irrigation
reuse. Two mycrophytes Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis were grown on
each VFCW. Good efficiency in wastewater pollutant removal was reported in the
VFCWs, and the removal rates of nutrients were also reported to be particularly high
due to the massive macrophyte growth. Suitability of a nine-chambered modified
anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR) for the treatment of municipal wastewater was
evaluated by Bodhkhe (2009). HRT of 0.25 day was reported to be the most suitable
minimum HRT for economic operation of MABR. Suspended solids (SS), BOD and
COD were reduced efficiently by 86%, 87% and 84%, respectively, resulting to
conclude that MABR technology can be adopted as on-site wastewater treatment
plant for individual houses or small cluster in Indian climatic conditions. Some
22
M. Khwairakpam
(SS) and carbonaceous organics with microorganisms. It was also reported that there
was reduction of BOD from 50–240 mg/L BOD to 1–15 mg/L and reduction of SS,
from 48–124 to 2–5 mg/L by BAF. Jefferson et al. (2000) reported that membrane
bioreactors (MBR) were able to stabilize variations in influent water quality effectively. MBR had the highest efficacy of treatment for wastewater far beyond the
performance of membrane aerated bioreactors (MABR) and BAFs. Traditional
method of domestic grey water treatment like reed bed or pond systems has been
utilizing many types of aquatic macrophytes. Mars et al. (1999) examined
submergent macrophytes such as Schoenoplectus validus and Triglochin huegelii
in Western Australia. From the test it was proved that efficient removal of nitrogen
and phosphorous was done by T. huegelii. The authors suggested that for efficient
nutrient stripping lagoons, wetlands and constructed basins filled with plants like this
can be used. Although this has its positive points (eco-friendly and cost-effective), it
has its limitation like requirement of large area and unaesthetic. Jasti et al. (2006)
carried out a study on treatment of corn processing wastewater in an attached growth
system of Rhizopus oligosporus fungi. A maximum chemical oxygen demand
(COD) removal of 78% was achieved at a 5 h HRT, while COD removal reduced
to 70% at a 2.5 h HRT. Dixon et al. (1999) studied the water-saving potential of a
combination of wastewater reuse and rainwater harvesting on an urban housing
environment. The data collected from a small-scale study of domestic water appliance usage was analysed, from which cumulative frequency distributions were
derived for each hour of the day and for occupancy.
Effect of the application of a water extract of M. oleifera seed to a wastewater
treatment sequence comprising coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation–sand filtration was studied by Bhuptawat et al. (2007). At the application of 50 and 100 mg/L
M. oleifera doses, there was an overall COD removal of 50%. However, COD
removal increased to 58 and 64%, respectively, when 50 and 100 mg/L seed doses
were applied in combination with 10 mg/L of alum. It was observed that the majority
of COD removal occurred during the filtration process. Ghangrekar et al. (2007)
demonstrated an effective treatment of the sewage by using natural treatment
systems and using of treated wastewater for aquaculture. Morari and Giardini
(2009) studied the treatment effect of two pilot-scale vertical flow constructed
wetlands (VFCWs) on municipal wastewaters and their suitability for irrigation
reuse. Two mycrophytes Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis were grown on
each VFCW. Good efficiency in wastewater pollutant removal was reported in the
VFCWs, and the removal rates of nutrients were also reported to be particularly high
due to the massive macrophyte growth. Suitability of a nine-chambered modified
anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR) for the treatment of municipal wastewater was
evaluated by Bodhkhe (2009). HRT of 0.25 day was reported to be the most suitable
minimum HRT for economic operation of MABR. Suspended solids (SS), BOD and
COD were reduced efficiently by 86%, 87% and 84%, respectively, resulting to
conclude that MABR technology can be adopted as on-site wastewater treatment
plant for individual houses or small cluster in Indian climatic conditions. Some
22
M. Khwairakpam