Table 1.1
(continued)
Wastewater
Flow
direction
Earthworm
species
Earthworm
density
Macrophyte
(if any)
Dimensions
(L
 W
 H) (cm)
Filter bed
HRT
(h)
OLR
(kg COD/
m
3
/d)
HLR
(m
3
/
m
2
/d)
Duration
(d)
Organic
removal
(%)
Nutrient
removal (%)
Pathogen
removal
(%)
References
Bedding material
(top to bottom) and
thickness (in cm)
Petroleum
industry
wastewater
Vertical
Eisenia
fetida
–
–
–
Soil (10); sand and
gravel (20); gravel
(50)
1–2
–
–
–
C10–C14:
99; C15–
C28: 99;
C26–C36:
99
–
–
Sinha et al.
(2012)
Sewage
Vertical
Perionyx
sansibaricus
0.022–0.0245 g/
m
3
Cyperus
rotundus
80 L
Soil with small
stones and pebbles
(25.4); leaves
(5.08); sawdust
(5.08); small stones
and gravels (5.08);
large stones (12.7)
1
–
–
–
COD: 90 NO
3
À
N: 93;
PO
4
3À
:98
–
Tomar and
Suthar
(2011)
59.69
 45.72
 38.1 Small pebbles and
sand (15.24); large
pebbles (25.4)
Sewage
Vertical
Eisenia
foetida
1000 earthworms/m
3
Phragmites
australis
Peat (40); sand (60);
gravel (30)
6
0.192
1
420
COD: 90 NH
4
+
- N:
92; phosphorus: 91
–
Wang
et al.
(2010b)
Synthetic
wastewater
Vertical
Eisenia
fetida
0, 0.0045,
0.0085, 0.0125,
0.0165 g/m
3
–
30
 30
 75
Cobblestone (5);
detritus (15); silver
sand (15); earthworm packing bed
(artificial soil and
earthworm) (35)
1
–
0.2
60
COD:
68–77
NH
3 -N:
72–78; TN:
63–66; TP:
80–82
–
Wang
et al.
(2013)
Sewage
Vertical
Eisenia
foetida
21,000 earthworms/m
2
–
–
Ceramsite and
quartz sand (20);
quartz sand (10)
18.3;
9.2;
7.3;
6.6
–
2.4,
4.8,
6, 6.7
120
BOD
5 :
55–66;
COD:
47–65
TN: 8–15;
NH
4 -N: 2162
–
Xing et al.
(2010)
Domestic
wastewater
sludge
Vertical
Eisenia
foetida
32 g/L
–
Dia.: 30 and H: 60
Ceramic pellets (50)
–
–
3
200
TCOD:
49–54
–
Zhao et al.
(2010)
Synthetic
wastewater
Vertical
Eisenia
fetida
–
Acorus
calamus
100
 80
 80 (main
frame)
Slag (25); gravel
(20)
–
–
–
365
COD: 87 TN: 86; TP:
83
–
Zhao et al.
(2014)
80
 70
 80
(vermifilters)
Artificial soil (peat
soil and wood
chips) (30); mixed
sand (5); ceramsite
(15); gravel (5)