example, paper and pulp mash (Ganguly and Chakraborty 2018); dairy sugar
preparing (Bhat et al. 2018); winery and refinery (Moorthi 2016); wood and wood
chips (Miller et al. 2019); and textile indsutries (Kaushik and Garg 2003). Thermophilic mode of composting gains its importance over the other methods of waste
management as it eliminates the damaging effects of organic amendments in soil.
Composting proves to be efficient in proper environmental management of organic
wastes as it is pathogen-free, odour-free, cheaper, and supports livelihood. In terms
of composting, earthworm ingests the organic materials which upon passing through
gizzard get grinded and acted upon by different microbial species in derivation of
nutrients. This process accelerates the process of decomposition and leads to an
alteration in physical and chemical factor such as enrichment of humic acids, good
C/N ratio resulting into proper stabilization of organic wastes.
The study reveals the conversion of complex organic substance such as paper mill
waste into a usable compound and also intensifies the earthworms’ ability in
formation of black gold through enrichment of humic substances. The study gives
a comprehensive idea over different frameworks of composting and reflects its broad
utility in the context of modern farming.
10.2 Advantages of Vermicomposting Over Composting
and Other Chemical Processes
• Shorter time to complete the process.
• The rate of humification and bio-conversion of organic wastes are very high.
• Reduction of pathogenic microbes.
• Greater reduction in bioavailable heavy metals than in composting.
• The product is microbially enhanced and has good crumb structure.
• High nutrient status and also contains plant-hormonal agents.
• Supports livelihood generation in rural villages.
10.3 Evolution of this Process of Biotechnology
This can be categorized into four functional domains in the tropical countries as
follows:
• Use of exotic earthworm species in vermicomposting
• Application of indigenous breed along with the nutrient supplement
• Modification of these techniques using microbial inoculation as well as isolating
different microbial biomass for biomedical applications (Ganguly et al. 2018)
• Further modifications through amendment of bio-reactor for enhancement in
compost production
10 Eco-management of Industrial Organic Wastes Through the Modified Innovative. . .
163
preparing (Bhat et al. 2018); winery and refinery (Moorthi 2016); wood and wood
chips (Miller et al. 2019); and textile indsutries (Kaushik and Garg 2003). Thermophilic mode of composting gains its importance over the other methods of waste
management as it eliminates the damaging effects of organic amendments in soil.
Composting proves to be efficient in proper environmental management of organic
wastes as it is pathogen-free, odour-free, cheaper, and supports livelihood. In terms
of composting, earthworm ingests the organic materials which upon passing through
gizzard get grinded and acted upon by different microbial species in derivation of
nutrients. This process accelerates the process of decomposition and leads to an
alteration in physical and chemical factor such as enrichment of humic acids, good
C/N ratio resulting into proper stabilization of organic wastes.
The study reveals the conversion of complex organic substance such as paper mill
waste into a usable compound and also intensifies the earthworms’ ability in
formation of black gold through enrichment of humic substances. The study gives
a comprehensive idea over different frameworks of composting and reflects its broad
utility in the context of modern farming.
10.2 Advantages of Vermicomposting Over Composting
and Other Chemical Processes
• Shorter time to complete the process.
• The rate of humification and bio-conversion of organic wastes are very high.
• Reduction of pathogenic microbes.
• Greater reduction in bioavailable heavy metals than in composting.
• The product is microbially enhanced and has good crumb structure.
• High nutrient status and also contains plant-hormonal agents.
• Supports livelihood generation in rural villages.
10.3 Evolution of this Process of Biotechnology
This can be categorized into four functional domains in the tropical countries as
follows:
• Use of exotic earthworm species in vermicomposting
• Application of indigenous breed along with the nutrient supplement
• Modification of these techniques using microbial inoculation as well as isolating
different microbial biomass for biomedical applications (Ganguly et al. 2018)
• Further modifications through amendment of bio-reactor for enhancement in
compost production
10 Eco-management of Industrial Organic Wastes Through the Modified Innovative. . .
163