resistance in some plants (Lazcano and Domínguez 2011). In this sense,
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2011) identified five actinomycete isolates from the genus
Streptomyces in herbal vermicomposts that contained antagonistic potential against
Fusarium wilt of chickpea under both greenhouse and field conditions. The selected
Streptomyces strains were also shown to act as plant growth-promoting agents
(Gopalakrishnan et al. 2013). Song et al. (2015) also found that adding
vermicompost enhanced the beneficial effects of plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria on both soil and crop, but the extent of this promotion varied with
the dose of vermicompost and the crop type.
0
250
500
750
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
Antibiotic production
G
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
Plant material type, P = 0.07
Process, P < 0.0001
0
500
1000
Synthesis of plant hormones
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
Raw material
P < 0.0001
ab
ab
b
a
a
b
a
b
0
300
600
900
1200
e
e
cd
e
a
bc
ab
d
Cellulose metabolism
Plant material type x process, P = 0.0007
0
1e+06
2e+06
3e+06
4e+06
e
e
d
b
b
f
a
c
Metabolism genes
Plant material type x process, P < 0.0001
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
a)
b)
c)
d)
Grape marc
Acacia
Scotch broom
Distilled marc
Grape marc
Acacia
Scotch broom
Distilled marc
m
o
o
r
b
h
c
t
o
c
S
a
i
c
a
c
A
c
r
a
m
e
p
a
r
G
m
o
o
r
b
h
c
t
o
c
S
a
i
c
a
c
A
c
r
a
m
e
p
a
r
G
c
r
a
m
d
e
l
l
i
t
s
i
D
Distilled marc
Vermicompost
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
Process,
Raw material
Vermicompost
Raw material
Vermicompost
Raw material
Vermicompost
Fig. 8.6 Changes in gene abundance of PICRUSt-predicted KEGG orthologies classified as (a)
“metabolism,” (b) cellulose metabolism, (c) plant hormone synthesis, and (d) antibiotic production
of the fresh plant materials (Scotch broom, acacia, raw and distilled grape marcs) and the respective
vermicomposts (abbreviated as “Vc” in the x-axis). For each starting material, different letters
indicate significant differences between the fresh plant material and the resulting vermicompost
(Tukey HSD test, FDR corrected)
8 Vermicomposts Are Biologically Different: Microbial and Functional Diversity of. . .
137
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2011) identified five actinomycete isolates from the genus
Streptomyces in herbal vermicomposts that contained antagonistic potential against
Fusarium wilt of chickpea under both greenhouse and field conditions. The selected
Streptomyces strains were also shown to act as plant growth-promoting agents
(Gopalakrishnan et al. 2013). Song et al. (2015) also found that adding
vermicompost enhanced the beneficial effects of plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria on both soil and crop, but the extent of this promotion varied with
the dose of vermicompost and the crop type.
0
250
500
750
b
b
b
a
a
a
a
a
Antibiotic production
G
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
Plant material type, P = 0.07
Process, P < 0.0001
0
500
1000
Synthesis of plant hormones
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
Raw material
P < 0.0001
ab
ab
b
a
a
b
a
b
0
300
600
900
1200
e
e
cd
e
a
bc
ab
d
Cellulose metabolism
Plant material type x process, P = 0.0007
0
1e+06
2e+06
3e+06
4e+06
e
e
d
b
b
f
a
c
Metabolism genes
Plant material type x process, P < 0.0001
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
a)
b)
c)
d)
Grape marc
Acacia
Scotch broom
Distilled marc
Grape marc
Acacia
Scotch broom
Distilled marc
m
o
o
r
b
h
c
t
o
c
S
a
i
c
a
c
A
c
r
a
m
e
p
a
r
G
m
o
o
r
b
h
c
t
o
c
S
a
i
c
a
c
A
c
r
a
m
e
p
a
r
G
c
r
a
m
d
e
l
l
i
t
s
i
D
Distilled marc
Vermicompost
e
c
n
a
d
n
u
b
a
e
n
e
G
Process,
Raw material
Vermicompost
Raw material
Vermicompost
Raw material
Vermicompost
Fig. 8.6 Changes in gene abundance of PICRUSt-predicted KEGG orthologies classified as (a)
“metabolism,” (b) cellulose metabolism, (c) plant hormone synthesis, and (d) antibiotic production
of the fresh plant materials (Scotch broom, acacia, raw and distilled grape marcs) and the respective
vermicomposts (abbreviated as “Vc” in the x-axis). For each starting material, different letters
indicate significant differences between the fresh plant material and the resulting vermicompost
(Tukey HSD test, FDR corrected)
8 Vermicomposts Are Biologically Different: Microbial and Functional Diversity of. . .
137