Composting
Composting is one of the most widely accepted techniques in the world and is
considered as a simple, rewarding way to convert the organic waste into a valuable
soil amendments such as manure and organic fertilizer. The presence of organic
material in waste promotes the growth of microbes for degradation process. Different microbes grow at different phases depending upon the temperature patterns. The
phases involved are:
1. Psychrophilic phase—low-temperature phase
2. Mesophilic phase—medium-temperature phase
3. Thermophilic phase—high-temperature phase
Bio-piles
Bio-piles involve both the process of land farming and composting. Bio-piles are
primarily used to treat the surface contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Bio-piles assist a favorable environment for indigenous aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms.
7.5.4.2 In Situ
In Situ is considered as one of the most recommended technique due to its lower cost
and less disruption as it allows on-site treatment.
Biosparging
Biosparging involves the pumping of air under pressure below the water table to
stimulate the groundwater oxygen concentrations and intensify the rate of biological
degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria (Harekrushna and
Kumar 2012).
Bioventing
Bioventing is one of the most commonly used technologies among all in situ
technologies. It encourages the growth of indigenous bacteria by supplying the air
and nutrients through wells to contaminated soils. It is mostly applicable to treat the
soil and groundwater. The technique is highly beneficial to remediate the hydrocarbon and can be used for the contamination in deep under the surface (Philp and
Atlas 2005).
114
D. Angmo et al.
Composting is one of the most widely accepted techniques in the world and is
considered as a simple, rewarding way to convert the organic waste into a valuable
soil amendments such as manure and organic fertilizer. The presence of organic
material in waste promotes the growth of microbes for degradation process. Different microbes grow at different phases depending upon the temperature patterns. The
phases involved are:
1. Psychrophilic phase—low-temperature phase
2. Mesophilic phase—medium-temperature phase
3. Thermophilic phase—high-temperature phase
Bio-piles
Bio-piles involve both the process of land farming and composting. Bio-piles are
primarily used to treat the surface contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
Bio-piles assist a favorable environment for indigenous aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms.
7.5.4.2 In Situ
In Situ is considered as one of the most recommended technique due to its lower cost
and less disruption as it allows on-site treatment.
Biosparging
Biosparging involves the pumping of air under pressure below the water table to
stimulate the groundwater oxygen concentrations and intensify the rate of biological
degradation of contaminants by naturally occurring bacteria (Harekrushna and
Kumar 2012).
Bioventing
Bioventing is one of the most commonly used technologies among all in situ
technologies. It encourages the growth of indigenous bacteria by supplying the air
and nutrients through wells to contaminated soils. It is mostly applicable to treat the
soil and groundwater. The technique is highly beneficial to remediate the hydrocarbon and can be used for the contamination in deep under the surface (Philp and
Atlas 2005).
114
D. Angmo et al.