596
Benthic foraminifera (cont.)
ecological impact, 278
Ixtoc 1 oil spill
density and diversity, 380
MOSSFA, 379
resilience, 382–383
stable carbon isotopes, 382
wellhead, 379
long-term time-series studies, 383
metrics, benthic ecosystem resilience, 383
resilience, 279
utility, 384
Benthic foraminiferal calcite (δ
13
C CaCO3 ), 292
Benthic impacts, 383
See also Benthic foraminifera
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
(BTEX), 305–307, 309
components, 127
compounds, 126, 128, 130–133, 136
concentration vs. time profiles, 128
dissolved fraction, 134
live and dead oil, 132
partitioning, 126, 131, 132
Bimodal distribution, 57, 58
Biodegradation, 27, 256, 257, 259
aerobic, 97
alkanes and alkyl aromatics, 99
asphaltenes, 98
beached oil/oil dispersed, 15
density, 98
dispersed and dissolved oil, 96
field samples, 97
hydrocarbons in water column, 173, 174
marine snow, in water phase and benthic
zone, 307–309
and oil weathering, 89
PHC (see Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)
biodegradation)
Biodiversity, 357, 358, 362, 367
Bioindicators, 375
Biomarkers, 261, 262, 331, 332, 336, 337
Biomineralization, 383
Bioturbation, 240, 242, 245, 246, 248, 249
Blowout preventers (BOPs), 5, 6, 8, 20,
54–57, 76
Blowout scenarios, 585
Blowouts (deep oil)
API, 16, 17
aromatic group hydrocarbons, 16
asphaltenes, 16
bulk oil properties, 16–18
characteristics, 16
chemical surfactants, 18
crude oil, 15, 16
dead oil, 17
density, 16, 17
far-field fate, 21–23
reservoir, 18–19
resins, 16
SARA, 16
saturate group, 16
subsurface release, 19–21
surface shipping, 15
viscosity (see Viscosity (oil))
weathering processes, 15
Bluefin tuna, 421, 422
Bond number, 67
Branched and isoprenoid tetraether (BIT)
index, 294, 295
Breakage rate, 53
British Petroleum (BP), 20
Brunt-Vaisala frequency, 21
Bryde’s whale, 432, 433, 439, 440
Bulk oil properties, 16–18
Buoyancy-driven processes, 67
Buoyant plume, 19–21
Buoyant velocity, 67
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
(BOEM), 6, 358
Bureau of Safety and Environmental
Enforcement (BSEE), 6
Burnout effect, 115
Bycatch, 435, 453
C
Capping stack, 176
Carbon intensity distribution, 29, 31
Carbon isotopic composition, 289
Cardiomyocytes, 502
Cardiotoxicity, 392, 501
Catalase (CAT), 506
Catch per unit effort (CPUE), 394
C-13 depletion, 278
Chemical Aquatic Fate and Effects
(CAFE), 473
Chemical dispersants, 91, 142
biodegradation of oil, 305–307
enhanced bioavailability and
biodegradation, 304–305
mechanisms, 303
oxygen competition, 303–304
Chemical dispersion
benthic, 167
calculation, 156
C-IMAGE project, 156
effectiveness, 165, 166
oil qualities, 156
Index
Benthic foraminifera (cont.)
ecological impact, 278
Ixtoc 1 oil spill
density and diversity, 380
MOSSFA, 379
resilience, 382–383
stable carbon isotopes, 382
wellhead, 379
long-term time-series studies, 383
metrics, benthic ecosystem resilience, 383
resilience, 279
utility, 384
Benthic foraminiferal calcite (δ
13
C CaCO3 ), 292
Benthic impacts, 383
See also Benthic foraminifera
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
(BTEX), 305–307, 309
components, 127
compounds, 126, 128, 130–133, 136
concentration vs. time profiles, 128
dissolved fraction, 134
live and dead oil, 132
partitioning, 126, 131, 132
Bimodal distribution, 57, 58
Biodegradation, 27, 256, 257, 259
aerobic, 97
alkanes and alkyl aromatics, 99
asphaltenes, 98
beached oil/oil dispersed, 15
density, 98
dispersed and dissolved oil, 96
field samples, 97
hydrocarbons in water column, 173, 174
marine snow, in water phase and benthic
zone, 307–309
and oil weathering, 89
PHC (see Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)
biodegradation)
Biodiversity, 357, 358, 362, 367
Bioindicators, 375
Biomarkers, 261, 262, 331, 332, 336, 337
Biomineralization, 383
Bioturbation, 240, 242, 245, 246, 248, 249
Blowout preventers (BOPs), 5, 6, 8, 20,
54–57, 76
Blowout scenarios, 585
Blowouts (deep oil)
API, 16, 17
aromatic group hydrocarbons, 16
asphaltenes, 16
bulk oil properties, 16–18
characteristics, 16
chemical surfactants, 18
crude oil, 15, 16
dead oil, 17
density, 16, 17
far-field fate, 21–23
reservoir, 18–19
resins, 16
SARA, 16
saturate group, 16
subsurface release, 19–21
surface shipping, 15
viscosity (see Viscosity (oil))
weathering processes, 15
Bluefin tuna, 421, 422
Bond number, 67
Branched and isoprenoid tetraether (BIT)
index, 294, 295
Breakage rate, 53
British Petroleum (BP), 20
Brunt-Vaisala frequency, 21
Bryde’s whale, 432, 433, 439, 440
Bulk oil properties, 16–18
Buoyancy-driven processes, 67
Buoyant plume, 19–21
Buoyant velocity, 67
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
(BOEM), 6, 358
Bureau of Safety and Environmental
Enforcement (BSEE), 6
Burnout effect, 115
Bycatch, 435, 453
C
Capping stack, 176
Carbon intensity distribution, 29, 31
Carbon isotopic composition, 289
Cardiomyocytes, 502
Cardiotoxicity, 392, 501
Catalase (CAT), 506
Catch per unit effort (CPUE), 394
C-13 depletion, 278
Chemical Aquatic Fate and Effects
(CAFE), 473
Chemical dispersants, 91, 142
biodegradation of oil, 305–307
enhanced bioavailability and
biodegradation, 304–305
mechanisms, 303
oxygen competition, 303–304
Chemical dispersion
benthic, 167
calculation, 156
C-IMAGE project, 156
effectiveness, 165, 166
oil qualities, 156
Index