197
Abstract Despite interest as early as in the 1880s, it was not until 1953 that Tokimi
Tsujita (Seikai Fisheries Research Laboratory, Japan) was able to carefully collect
and describe the matrix of microorganisms embedded in suspended organic matter
(Tsujita, J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 8:1–14, 1953) that today we call marine snow.
Subsequent studies reported that marine snow consisted of phytoplankton, small
zooplankton, fecal material, and other particles (Nishizawa et al., Bull Fac Fish,
Hokkaido Univ. 5:36–40, 1954). Across the ocean, Riley (Limnol Oceanogr 8:372–
381, 1963) called this material “organic aggregates” which in addition to the organic
material included nonliving material that was a “substrate for bacterial growth.”
More than a decade later, Silver et al. (Science 201:371–373, 1978) quantified the
abundance of marine snow, and its contribution to the total community in situ, and
showed that marine snow particles were “metabolic hotspots,” with concentrations
of microorganisms 3–4 orders of magnitude greater than those in the surrounding
seawater. Alldredge and Cohen (Science 235:689–691, 1987) emphasized the
importance of marine snow as unique chemical and physical microhabitats. The
importance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), which form the matrix that
embeds the individual component particles of marine snow, were described and
quantified in the early 1990s (Alldredge et al., Deep-Sea Res I 40: 1131–1140,
1993; Passow and Alldredge, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 113:185–198, 1994; Passow et al.,
Deep-Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr 41:335–357, 1994).
The long-held belief that marine snow was both a specialized habitat and potential food source for those living in the deep ocean was also demonstrated at that time
(Silver and Gowing, Prog Oceanogr 26:75–113, 1991). More recently it was confirmed that marine snow does indeed contribute significantly to the metabolism of
the deep sea and provides hotspots of microbial diversity and activity at depth (e.g.,
Burd et al., Deep-Sea Res II 57:1557–1571, 2010; Bochdansky et al., Sci Rep
6:22633, 2016). Moreover, marine snow is now considered a transport vehicle for its
biota and associated particulate matter (Volk and Hoffert, The carbon cycle and
atmospheric CO: natural variations archean to present. American Geophysical
Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 99–110, 1985; Alldredge and Gotschalk, Limnol
Oceanogr 33:339–351, 1988). Rapidly sinking marine snow is important in the
marine carbon cycle as it is responsible for vertical (re)distribution and remineralization of carbon. The transport of carbon from the surface to the deep sea is known as
the “biological carbon pump” (De La Rocha and Passow, Deep Sea Res II 54:639–
658, 2007; De La Rocha and Passow, Treatise on Geochemistry. Vol. 8, Elsevier,
Oxford, 2014). This pump, which leads to the uptake and sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 (e.g., Volk and Hoffert, The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO: natural
variations archean to present. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 99–110, 1985; Finkel et al., J Plankton Res 32:119–137, 2010; Zetsche and
Ploug, Mar Chem 175:1–4, 2015), also plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements (e.g., Quigg et al., Nature 425:291–294, 2003; Quigg et al.,
Proc R Soc: Biol Sci 278:526–534, 2011). How climate change will change these
processes is the subject of intense interest but beyond the scope of this chapter.
Keywords Marine snow · Marine oil snow · MOSSFA · Deepwater Horizon ·
OMA · OSA · TEP · EPS
12 Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation (MOSSFA) Events…
Abstract Despite interest as early as in the 1880s, it was not until 1953 that Tokimi
Tsujita (Seikai Fisheries Research Laboratory, Japan) was able to carefully collect
and describe the matrix of microorganisms embedded in suspended organic matter
(Tsujita, J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 8:1–14, 1953) that today we call marine snow.
Subsequent studies reported that marine snow consisted of phytoplankton, small
zooplankton, fecal material, and other particles (Nishizawa et al., Bull Fac Fish,
Hokkaido Univ. 5:36–40, 1954). Across the ocean, Riley (Limnol Oceanogr 8:372–
381, 1963) called this material “organic aggregates” which in addition to the organic
material included nonliving material that was a “substrate for bacterial growth.”
More than a decade later, Silver et al. (Science 201:371–373, 1978) quantified the
abundance of marine snow, and its contribution to the total community in situ, and
showed that marine snow particles were “metabolic hotspots,” with concentrations
of microorganisms 3–4 orders of magnitude greater than those in the surrounding
seawater. Alldredge and Cohen (Science 235:689–691, 1987) emphasized the
importance of marine snow as unique chemical and physical microhabitats. The
importance of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), which form the matrix that
embeds the individual component particles of marine snow, were described and
quantified in the early 1990s (Alldredge et al., Deep-Sea Res I 40: 1131–1140,
1993; Passow and Alldredge, Mar Ecol Prog Ser 113:185–198, 1994; Passow et al.,
Deep-Sea Res Oceanogr Abstr 41:335–357, 1994).
The long-held belief that marine snow was both a specialized habitat and potential food source for those living in the deep ocean was also demonstrated at that time
(Silver and Gowing, Prog Oceanogr 26:75–113, 1991). More recently it was confirmed that marine snow does indeed contribute significantly to the metabolism of
the deep sea and provides hotspots of microbial diversity and activity at depth (e.g.,
Burd et al., Deep-Sea Res II 57:1557–1571, 2010; Bochdansky et al., Sci Rep
6:22633, 2016). Moreover, marine snow is now considered a transport vehicle for its
biota and associated particulate matter (Volk and Hoffert, The carbon cycle and
atmospheric CO: natural variations archean to present. American Geophysical
Union, Washington, D.C., pp. 99–110, 1985; Alldredge and Gotschalk, Limnol
Oceanogr 33:339–351, 1988). Rapidly sinking marine snow is important in the
marine carbon cycle as it is responsible for vertical (re)distribution and remineralization of carbon. The transport of carbon from the surface to the deep sea is known as
the “biological carbon pump” (De La Rocha and Passow, Deep Sea Res II 54:639–
658, 2007; De La Rocha and Passow, Treatise on Geochemistry. Vol. 8, Elsevier,
Oxford, 2014). This pump, which leads to the uptake and sequestration of atmospheric CO 2 (e.g., Volk and Hoffert, The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO: natural
variations archean to present. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.,
pp. 99–110, 1985; Finkel et al., J Plankton Res 32:119–137, 2010; Zetsche and
Ploug, Mar Chem 175:1–4, 2015), also plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements (e.g., Quigg et al., Nature 425:291–294, 2003; Quigg et al.,
Proc R Soc: Biol Sci 278:526–534, 2011). How climate change will change these
processes is the subject of intense interest but beyond the scope of this chapter.
Keywords Marine snow · Marine oil snow · MOSSFA · Deepwater Horizon ·
OMA · OSA · TEP · EPS
12 Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation (MOSSFA) Events…