2
1 Introduction
Moreover, density of culverts in drainage pipelines was 6.28 km/km
2 and park and
green area per capita reached 2.46 m
2 . Centralized water supply was realized in
68.7% of the administrative villages in China and sanitary sewage and household
wastes are separately disposed in 20 and 65% of administrative villages. The infrastructure construction and quality of living environment in villages and towns have
been significantly improved. However, the 13th Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive
Improvement of Rural Environment of the People’s Republic of China shows that
40% of villages still lack of wastes collection and disposal facilities and have prominent problem of dirty, disorderly and bad environment caused by waste pollution in
villages and towns. Therefore, it is urgent to take effective measures to make up the
shortcoming of controlling waste pollution in villages and towns.
China is the largest producer of organic wastes in villages and towns in the world.
According to statistics, annual discharge of livestock manures is 2.61 × 10
9 tons,
along with 7.0 × 10
8 tons of crop straws, 2.5 × 10
4 tons of plastics including
abandoned agricultural films, and 1 × 10
8 –1.5 × 10
8 tons of vegetable wastes. In
accordance with data released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the
People’s Republic of China, the pollution from agricultural source accounts for 1/3–
1/2 of the total pollution in China, so it has become an important source of water,
soil and air pollution in rural areas. China, as a country with the greatest capacity of
breeding livestock and poultry in the world, has more than 8 × 10
4 large-scale farms
with more than ten thousand livestock and poultries. Livestock and poultries in these
farms discharge over 2 × 10
9 tons of excrements each year, which seriously damages
farm lands and underground water. Agricultural waste resources are very rich and
have huge production in China. They are mainly distributed in major grain producing
areas, such as Hebei, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Heilongjiang,
Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan and Yunnan. Based on the calculation of agricultural output in China, totally about 7 × 10
8 tons of straw resources
are produced in each year, in which about 5 × 10
8 tons can be collected, while the
utilization rate is only 33%. With the sustained and rapid development of Chinese
economy and the continuous promotion of new urbanization construction, the industrial pattern and consumption mode of villages and towns have undergone significant
changes. However, treatment and disposal techniques for organic wastes in villages
and towns are still in the initial stage, so facilities for collecting and disposing wastes
are inadequate. Moreover, a lot of wastes are piled up in open air or simply filled,
which causes secondary pollutions of a lot of leachate and malodorous gas, wastes
resources and breeds germs, greatly harming human healthy. At present, rural ecological environment has become a prominent shortcoming in building a moderately
prosperous society in all respects. To promote ecological civilization, build beautiful
villages and resolutely fight against ecological environmental pollution, the control
of agricultural non-point source pollution is the key.
Since implementing the policy of “award for promoting governance” in 2008,
China has issued more than 10 normative documents and allocated 3.15 × 10
10 yuan
of special funds for rural environmental protection. Jiangsu province and the Ningxia
Hui Autonomous Region have been selected as pilots of large-scale continuous environment improvement covering the whole province, so as to guide and promote
1 Introduction
Moreover, density of culverts in drainage pipelines was 6.28 km/km
2 and park and
green area per capita reached 2.46 m
2 . Centralized water supply was realized in
68.7% of the administrative villages in China and sanitary sewage and household
wastes are separately disposed in 20 and 65% of administrative villages. The infrastructure construction and quality of living environment in villages and towns have
been significantly improved. However, the 13th Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive
Improvement of Rural Environment of the People’s Republic of China shows that
40% of villages still lack of wastes collection and disposal facilities and have prominent problem of dirty, disorderly and bad environment caused by waste pollution in
villages and towns. Therefore, it is urgent to take effective measures to make up the
shortcoming of controlling waste pollution in villages and towns.
China is the largest producer of organic wastes in villages and towns in the world.
According to statistics, annual discharge of livestock manures is 2.61 × 10
9 tons,
along with 7.0 × 10
8 tons of crop straws, 2.5 × 10
4 tons of plastics including
abandoned agricultural films, and 1 × 10
8 –1.5 × 10
8 tons of vegetable wastes. In
accordance with data released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the
People’s Republic of China, the pollution from agricultural source accounts for 1/3–
1/2 of the total pollution in China, so it has become an important source of water,
soil and air pollution in rural areas. China, as a country with the greatest capacity of
breeding livestock and poultry in the world, has more than 8 × 10
4 large-scale farms
with more than ten thousand livestock and poultries. Livestock and poultries in these
farms discharge over 2 × 10
9 tons of excrements each year, which seriously damages
farm lands and underground water. Agricultural waste resources are very rich and
have huge production in China. They are mainly distributed in major grain producing
areas, such as Hebei, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Liaoning, Heilongjiang,
Shandong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Sichuan and Yunnan. Based on the calculation of agricultural output in China, totally about 7 × 10
8 tons of straw resources
are produced in each year, in which about 5 × 10
8 tons can be collected, while the
utilization rate is only 33%. With the sustained and rapid development of Chinese
economy and the continuous promotion of new urbanization construction, the industrial pattern and consumption mode of villages and towns have undergone significant
changes. However, treatment and disposal techniques for organic wastes in villages
and towns are still in the initial stage, so facilities for collecting and disposing wastes
are inadequate. Moreover, a lot of wastes are piled up in open air or simply filled,
which causes secondary pollutions of a lot of leachate and malodorous gas, wastes
resources and breeds germs, greatly harming human healthy. At present, rural ecological environment has become a prominent shortcoming in building a moderately
prosperous society in all respects. To promote ecological civilization, build beautiful
villages and resolutely fight against ecological environmental pollution, the control
of agricultural non-point source pollution is the key.
Since implementing the policy of “award for promoting governance” in 2008,
China has issued more than 10 normative documents and allocated 3.15 × 10
10 yuan
of special funds for rural environmental protection. Jiangsu province and the Ningxia
Hui Autonomous Region have been selected as pilots of large-scale continuous environment improvement covering the whole province, so as to guide and promote