ِ
‫م‬ ۡ‫س‬ ِ ‫ب‬
‫ٱ‬
ِ ‫َّلله‬
‫ٱ‬
ِ
‫ن‬ َٰ
‫م‬ ۡ‫ح‬ ‫ه‬
‫لر‬
‫ٱ‬
ِ
‫يم‬ ِ‫ح‬ ‫ه‬
‫لر‬
‫ف‬
‫ٱ‬
‫ِي‬ ‫ون‬ ُ
‫ر‬ ُ ‫ك‬ ۡ
‫ذ‬
‫و‬ ۡ‫م‬ ُ ‫ك‬ ۡ‫ر‬ ُ ‫ك‬ ۡ
‫ذ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ٱ‬
‫وا‬ ُ
‫ر‬ ُ ‫ك‬ ۡ
‫ش‬
ِ
‫ون‬ ُ
‫ر‬ ُ ‫ف‬ ۡ
‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ ‫َل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ِي‬ ‫ل‬
١٥٢
‫البقرة‬ ‫[سورة‬
]
Acknowledgment
First and foremost, I am profoundly grateful to Allah for granting me the physical and
mental fortitude to embark on this academic journey .
To my supervisor, AMAR IMEN
I am deeply indebted to my esteemed supervisor, Mrs Amar Imen, for graciously accepting
the responsibility of guiding and mentoring me throughout this research endeavour. From the
outset, I have been deeply impressed by her unwavering professionalism and the exemplary
quality of her own scholarly contributions. Her availability and willingness to provide
valuable insights and constructive feedback have enriched my understanding of the subject
matter. I consider myself truly fortunate to have had the privilege of working under her expert
guidance.
To my Co-supervisor, MECHID WAHIBA
I extend my heartfelt thanks to my co-supervisor, Mrs Mechid Wahiba, whose unwavering
support and continuous presence throughout the entirety of my project have been invaluable.
Her genuine concern for my progress and personal development has been a constant source of
motivation and inspiration. I have been deeply moved by her professionalism and dedication
to her work. Her exceptional guidance and mentorship have played a pivotal role in shaping
the trajectory of my research. I am profoundly grateful for the opportunities she has provided
me and the valuable lessons I have learned under her tutelage.
To Saidal Team
In addition, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Mr. Boukhelkhal for his
exceptional ideas and insightful guidance. His profound wisdom and extensive expertise have
significantly influenced the direction of my research, propelling it towards new horizons. I am
truly honored and privileged to have had the opportunity to work alongside him.
Moreover, I would like to extend my gratitude to the entire team at the Physicochemical
Department of Saidal, particularly Amine,Samia, Souhila, Faiza ,Nassiba and Siham.
Their support and invaluable assistance. The collaborative and professional environment they
have fostered has made the entire experience truly enjoyable.
To Pr.Alessandro Gangliardini and Mr.Bill Jobs
I am deeply grateful for the trust and support extended to me by professor A.Gangliardini
and Mr.bill jobs . Despite not having a personal connection or knowing me personally they
generously shared their experiences without any hesitation.
Jury members:
Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the esteemed members of the jury
for graciously accepting the responsibility of examining my modest work. I am profoundly
grateful for their thorough evaluation and constructive feedback, which will undoubtedly
contribute to the refinement and advancement of my research.