ii
Contents
LISTE OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vi
LISTE OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. vii
LISTE OF EQUATIONS ........................................................................................................... viii
Dedicated to ........................................................................................................................ 10
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................. 11
ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 01. The state of the art of the Ecological Footprint indicator .............................. 19
1.1. Study context ............................................................................................................ 19
1.2. Concept, tool, Indicator, measure, analysis, ............................................................... 20
1.3. The model: The ecological footprint .......................................................................... 21
1.3.1.
Conception and use ............................................................................................ 21
1.3.1.1.
Hypothesis ................................................................................................... 21
1.3.1.2.
Definition .................................................................................................... 21
1.3.1.3.
Applications ................................................................................................. 22
1.3.2.
Criticism and evolution ....................................................................................... 24
1.3.3.
Specification of the Ecological footprint .............................................................. 27
1.3.3.1.
Ecological footprint and carbon footprint .................................................... 27
1.3.3.2.
Ecological footprint, biocapacity and global hectares .................................. 27
1.3.3.3.
Bioproductive areas ..................................................................................... 28
1.3.4.
Related and similar approaches .......................................................................... 29
1.4. Ecological footprint and biocapacity assessment ....................................................... 30
1.4.1.
Core equation ..................................................................................................... 30
1.4.2.
Conversion factors and calculation scheme ........................................................ 31
1.4.2.1.
Yield Factor .................................................................................................. 32
1.4.2.2.
Equivalence Factor ...................................................................................... 32
1.5. Methodological approach .......................................................................................... 32
1.5.1.
Top-down and bottom-up models ...................................................................... 32
1.5.2.
Integrated analysis.............................................................................................. 33
1.5.2.1.
Urban metabolism ....................................................................................... 34
1.5.2.2.
Life cycle assessment ................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 02. Study area: wilaya of Algiers and Tipaza ....................................................... 38