highest levels of Ni and Mn, compared with Sercouf and
Algiers port sites, This may be due to the notable use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers (agricultural site).
The PCA results show clearly the spatial specific exposure of
mussels to different heavy metals.
At regional scale, Cd concentrations in mussels found by
Mzoughi and Chouba (2012) (0.9–2.9), Maanan (2007)
(2.12–34.71), and Galgani et al. (2014) (1.21–2.41) in
Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya, respectively, were much
higher than those recorded in this current study. By referring
to the same authors, Pb results of our work were higher than
those registered in Tunisia and Libya. Ni and Pb results
recorded by Maanan (2007) in mussels from Morocco were
higher compared with those of this present study.
The effect of seasonality on heavy metal levels was investigated at different sites, and the results presented in Fig. 7 show
no significant differences for Cd and Mn. However, remarkably high concentrations of Pb were recorded in winter and
autumn seasons at Algiers port, and in spring and summer at
Figuier site. Ni levels were significantly high in summer
at Figuier, and in summer and autumn seasons at
Algiers port. It should be noted that Cd, Pb, Ni, and
Mn concentrations in various organs of Sercouf mussels
were similar among the different seasons which means
that the seasonal flux of studied heavy metal into the
marine environment was constant.
Conclusion
Mussels of Figuier, Sercouf, and Algiers port contained Cd,
Pb, Ni, and Mn in all their organs with typical sequestration
ability; the digestive gland followed by the gill demonstrated a
strong capacity to store the studied heavy metals for recent
exposure. However, an inversed trend was observed for gonad
which revealed low degree of Cd and Pb storage; therefore,
the reproduction process contributes with low rate to the decontamination of toxic heavy metals.
Distinct seasonal distribution of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni,
and Mn was found not only in organs of two different mussel
species P. perna (Figuier site) and M. galloprovincialis
(Sercouf and Algiers port sites) but also for the same species
M. galloprovincialis.
Heavy metal results of this study show big spatiotemporal
variation among the three sites. Indeed, Figuier mussels are
more exposed to manganese and nickel releases, while mussels are subjected to cadmium and lead pollution at Sercouf
and Algiers port, respectively.
Mussels of Algiers port were Pb contaminated in autumn and
winter; therefore, a great health risk was present to consumer
population but for the remainder sites; mussels were healthy
during all sampling seasons.
Acknowledgments My sincere thanks are addressed to all the members
of the mineral geochemistry team of Technologies and Development
Division of SONATRACH for the warm welcome and analytical work
carried out, without forgetting Miss: Bendou N, Aissani A, Ghoumrassi
and Mrs.: Boudiss K, Saoudi A, Dib M, and Dahdouh M. Also, I would
like to thank Mrs.: Guenachi B and Oudainia S for their valuable help
during the preparation of this work.
References
Aarabe N ( 2004) Les biomarqueurs chez les poissons et les bivalves : de
l’exposition à l’effet et du laboratoire au terrain. Thèse de Doctorat.
Université de Bordeaux1, France, 235p
AIEA (2004) Training workshop on the analysis of trace metals in biological and sediment samples. Laboratory procedure book.
International Atomic Energy Agency marine environment
Laboratory.45P
Airas S (2003) Trace metal concentrations in blue mussels Mytilus edulis
in Byfjorden and the coastal areas of Bergen. Master Thesis.
Institute for Fisheries and Marine Biology. University of Bergen,
63p
Algerie (1997) MINISTÈRE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE LA
PECHE, Arrêté de 3 Safar 1418 correspondant au 8 juin 1997 fixant
les conditions et les modalités de pêche aux coquillages vivants,
Journal officiel, n° 59, Aouel Joumada El Oula 1418 correspondant
au p20
Amiard JC, Berthet B, Boutaghou S (1993) Seasonal selenium in mussels
and oysters from a French marine farm. J Food Compos Anal 6:
370–380
Andral B, Stanisiere J.Y, Sauzade D, Damier E, Thebault H, Galgani F,
Boissery P (2004) Monitoring chemical contamination levels in the
Mediterranean based on the use of mussel caging. Mar Pollut Bull
49: 704–712
Azizi G, Akodad M, Baghour M, Layachi M, Moumen A (2018) The use
of Mytilus spp. mussels as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in
the coastal environment. A review. J Mater Environ Sci 9(4):1170–
1181
Bajt O, Ramšaka A, Milunb V, Andralc B, Romanellid G, Scarpatod A,
Mitriće M, Kupusovićf T, Kljajiće Z, Angelidisg M, ullajh A,
Galganii F (2019) Assessing chemical contamination in the coastal
waters of the Adriatic Sea using active mussel biomonitoring with
Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar Pollut Bull 141:283–298
Baltas H, Dalgic G, Bayrak EY, Sirin M, Cevik U, Apaydin G (2016)
Experimental study on copper uptake capacity in the Mediterranean
mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 11:
10983–10989
Baudrimont M, Gonzalez P, Mesmer-Dudons N, Legeay A (2019)
Sensitivity to cadmium of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera from the Dronne River (France): experimental exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:3715–3725. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11356-019-05025-0
Belcheva N, Istomina A, Dovzhenko N, Lishavskaya T, Chelomin V
(2015) Using heavy metal content and lipid peroxidation indicators
in the tissues of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus for pollution
assessment after marine environmental remediation. Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 95:481–487
Blasco J, Puppo J (1999) Effect of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Pb) on
aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in Ruditapes philippinarum
(Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comp Biochem Physiol C 122:253–263
Casas S (2005) Modélisation de la bioaccumulation de métaux traces
(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn) chez la moule, Mytilus galloprovincialis,
en milieu méditerranéen. Thèse doctorat. Université Toulon,
France.363p
Environ Sci Pollut Res
Algiers port sites, This may be due to the notable use of pesticides and fertilizers by farmers (agricultural site).
The PCA results show clearly the spatial specific exposure of
mussels to different heavy metals.
At regional scale, Cd concentrations in mussels found by
Mzoughi and Chouba (2012) (0.9–2.9), Maanan (2007)
(2.12–34.71), and Galgani et al. (2014) (1.21–2.41) in
Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya, respectively, were much
higher than those recorded in this current study. By referring
to the same authors, Pb results of our work were higher than
those registered in Tunisia and Libya. Ni and Pb results
recorded by Maanan (2007) in mussels from Morocco were
higher compared with those of this present study.
The effect of seasonality on heavy metal levels was investigated at different sites, and the results presented in Fig. 7 show
no significant differences for Cd and Mn. However, remarkably high concentrations of Pb were recorded in winter and
autumn seasons at Algiers port, and in spring and summer at
Figuier site. Ni levels were significantly high in summer
at Figuier, and in summer and autumn seasons at
Algiers port. It should be noted that Cd, Pb, Ni, and
Mn concentrations in various organs of Sercouf mussels
were similar among the different seasons which means
that the seasonal flux of studied heavy metal into the
marine environment was constant.
Conclusion
Mussels of Figuier, Sercouf, and Algiers port contained Cd,
Pb, Ni, and Mn in all their organs with typical sequestration
ability; the digestive gland followed by the gill demonstrated a
strong capacity to store the studied heavy metals for recent
exposure. However, an inversed trend was observed for gonad
which revealed low degree of Cd and Pb storage; therefore,
the reproduction process contributes with low rate to the decontamination of toxic heavy metals.
Distinct seasonal distribution of heavy metals Cd, Pb, Ni,
and Mn was found not only in organs of two different mussel
species P. perna (Figuier site) and M. galloprovincialis
(Sercouf and Algiers port sites) but also for the same species
M. galloprovincialis.
Heavy metal results of this study show big spatiotemporal
variation among the three sites. Indeed, Figuier mussels are
more exposed to manganese and nickel releases, while mussels are subjected to cadmium and lead pollution at Sercouf
and Algiers port, respectively.
Mussels of Algiers port were Pb contaminated in autumn and
winter; therefore, a great health risk was present to consumer
population but for the remainder sites; mussels were healthy
during all sampling seasons.
Acknowledgments My sincere thanks are addressed to all the members
of the mineral geochemistry team of Technologies and Development
Division of SONATRACH for the warm welcome and analytical work
carried out, without forgetting Miss: Bendou N, Aissani A, Ghoumrassi
and Mrs.: Boudiss K, Saoudi A, Dib M, and Dahdouh M. Also, I would
like to thank Mrs.: Guenachi B and Oudainia S for their valuable help
during the preparation of this work.
References
Aarabe N ( 2004) Les biomarqueurs chez les poissons et les bivalves : de
l’exposition à l’effet et du laboratoire au terrain. Thèse de Doctorat.
Université de Bordeaux1, France, 235p
AIEA (2004) Training workshop on the analysis of trace metals in biological and sediment samples. Laboratory procedure book.
International Atomic Energy Agency marine environment
Laboratory.45P
Airas S (2003) Trace metal concentrations in blue mussels Mytilus edulis
in Byfjorden and the coastal areas of Bergen. Master Thesis.
Institute for Fisheries and Marine Biology. University of Bergen,
63p
Algerie (1997) MINISTÈRE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE LA
PECHE, Arrêté de 3 Safar 1418 correspondant au 8 juin 1997 fixant
les conditions et les modalités de pêche aux coquillages vivants,
Journal officiel, n° 59, Aouel Joumada El Oula 1418 correspondant
au p20
Amiard JC, Berthet B, Boutaghou S (1993) Seasonal selenium in mussels
and oysters from a French marine farm. J Food Compos Anal 6:
370–380
Andral B, Stanisiere J.Y, Sauzade D, Damier E, Thebault H, Galgani F,
Boissery P (2004) Monitoring chemical contamination levels in the
Mediterranean based on the use of mussel caging. Mar Pollut Bull
49: 704–712
Azizi G, Akodad M, Baghour M, Layachi M, Moumen A (2018) The use
of Mytilus spp. mussels as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in
the coastal environment. A review. J Mater Environ Sci 9(4):1170–
1181
Bajt O, Ramšaka A, Milunb V, Andralc B, Romanellid G, Scarpatod A,
Mitriće M, Kupusovićf T, Kljajiće Z, Angelidisg M, ullajh A,
Galganii F (2019) Assessing chemical contamination in the coastal
waters of the Adriatic Sea using active mussel biomonitoring with
Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar Pollut Bull 141:283–298
Baltas H, Dalgic G, Bayrak EY, Sirin M, Cevik U, Apaydin G (2016)
Experimental study on copper uptake capacity in the Mediterranean
mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 11:
10983–10989
Baudrimont M, Gonzalez P, Mesmer-Dudons N, Legeay A (2019)
Sensitivity to cadmium of the endangered freshwater pearl mussel
Margaritifera margaritifera from the Dronne River (France): experimental exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:3715–3725. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11356-019-05025-0
Belcheva N, Istomina A, Dovzhenko N, Lishavskaya T, Chelomin V
(2015) Using heavy metal content and lipid peroxidation indicators
in the tissues of the mussel Crenomytilus grayanus for pollution
assessment after marine environmental remediation. Bull Environ
Contam Toxicol 95:481–487
Blasco J, Puppo J (1999) Effect of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Pb) on
aspartate and alanine aminotransferase in Ruditapes philippinarum
(Mollusca: Bivalvia). Comp Biochem Physiol C 122:253–263
Casas S (2005) Modélisation de la bioaccumulation de métaux traces
(Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn) chez la moule, Mytilus galloprovincialis,
en milieu méditerranéen. Thèse doctorat. Université Toulon,
France.363p
Environ Sci Pollut Res