time analysis extraction methods have been also successfully applied. The greatest
challenges in pyrethroid analysis are the complexity of the mixtures and the lack of
standards to enable quantification of individual diastereoisomers and enantiomers.
For quantification, several techniques are being applied to the analysis of pyrethroids
{e.g., GC-ECD, GC-NCI (methane or ammonia)-MS, and GC Á GC-ToF-MS}. GCNCI-MS provides the highest selectivity and sensitivity. Regarding enantiomeric
separation, it is usually performed on a beta-cyclodextrin-based column because of
its excellent enantioselectivity. A major drawback of such a column is that the
enantiomers from the same trans diastereoisomer cannot be separated.
References
1. Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH (2008) Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 371:597–607
2. Gosselin RE (1984) Clinic toxicological of commercial products. Williams and Wilkins,
Baltimore
3. Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids (2003) Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR), US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
4. van Hoeck E, David F, Sandra P (2007) Stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of
pyrethroids in water samples a comparison between thermal desorption in a dedicated thermal
desorber, in a split/splitless inlet and by liquid desorption. J Chromatogr A 1157:1–2
5. Laskowski DA (2002) Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam
Toxicol 174:49–170
6. Feo ML, Ginebreda A, Ethel E, Barcelò D (2010) Presence of pyrethroid pesticides in water and
sediments of Ebro River Delta. J Hydrol 393:156–162
7. Feo ML, Eljarrat E, Barcelò D (2010) Determination of pyrethroid insecticides in environmental
samples. Trends Anal Chem 29:692–705
8. Alonso M, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Vidal LG, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Secchi ER, Bassoi M,
Azevedo AF, Dorneles PR, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Damià Barceló D
(2012) Pyrethroids: a new teat for marine mammals? Environ Int 47:99–106
9. Alonso M, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Gago-Ferrero P, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Flach L, Meirelles
ACO, Carvalho VL, Azevedo AF, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Diaz-Cruz SM,
Eljarrat E, Damià Barceló D (2015) Toxic heritage: maternal transfer of pyrethroid insecticides
and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. Environ Pollut 207:391–402
10. Feo ML, Eljarrat E, Manaca MN, Dobaño C, Barcelo D, Sunyer J, Alonso PL, Menendez C,
Grimalt JO (2012) Pyrethroid use-malaria control and individual applications by households for
other pests and home garden use. Environ Int 38:67–72
11. Corcellas C, Feo ML, Torres JP, Malm O, Ocampo-Duque W, Eljarrat E, Barcelò D (2012)
Pyrethroids in human breast milk: occurrence and nursing daily intake estimation. Environ Int
47:17–22
12. TCD Insecticide Market Trends and Potential Water quality Implications (2003) TCD environmental report. San Francisco Estuary Project, p 105
13. Mak K, Shan G, Lee HJ, Watanable T, Stoutamire DW, Gee SJ, Hammock BD (2005)
Development of a class selective immunoassay for the type II pyrethroid insecticides. Anal
Chim Acta 534:109–120
14. European Commission, Staff Working Document on Implementation of the Community for
Endocrine Disruptors, a range of substances suspected of interfering with the hormone systems
of humans and wildlife, SEC (2004) 1372, EC, Brussels, Belgium
Analytical Methods for Determining Pyrethroid Insecticides in Environmental and. . .
41
challenges in pyrethroid analysis are the complexity of the mixtures and the lack of
standards to enable quantification of individual diastereoisomers and enantiomers.
For quantification, several techniques are being applied to the analysis of pyrethroids
{e.g., GC-ECD, GC-NCI (methane or ammonia)-MS, and GC Á GC-ToF-MS}. GCNCI-MS provides the highest selectivity and sensitivity. Regarding enantiomeric
separation, it is usually performed on a beta-cyclodextrin-based column because of
its excellent enantioselectivity. A major drawback of such a column is that the
enantiomers from the same trans diastereoisomer cannot be separated.
References
1. Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH (2008) Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 371:597–607
2. Gosselin RE (1984) Clinic toxicological of commercial products. Williams and Wilkins,
Baltimore
3. Toxicological Profile for Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids (2003) Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR), US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
4. van Hoeck E, David F, Sandra P (2007) Stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of
pyrethroids in water samples a comparison between thermal desorption in a dedicated thermal
desorber, in a split/splitless inlet and by liquid desorption. J Chromatogr A 1157:1–2
5. Laskowski DA (2002) Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam
Toxicol 174:49–170
6. Feo ML, Ginebreda A, Ethel E, Barcelò D (2010) Presence of pyrethroid pesticides in water and
sediments of Ebro River Delta. J Hydrol 393:156–162
7. Feo ML, Eljarrat E, Barcelò D (2010) Determination of pyrethroid insecticides in environmental
samples. Trends Anal Chem 29:692–705
8. Alonso M, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Vidal LG, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Secchi ER, Bassoi M,
Azevedo AF, Dorneles PR, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Eljarrat E, Damià Barceló D
(2012) Pyrethroids: a new teat for marine mammals? Environ Int 47:99–106
9. Alonso M, Feo ML, Corcellas C, Gago-Ferrero P, Bertozzi CP, Marigo J, Flach L, Meirelles
ACO, Carvalho VL, Azevedo AF, Torres JPM, Lailson-Brito J, Malm O, Diaz-Cruz SM,
Eljarrat E, Damià Barceló D (2015) Toxic heritage: maternal transfer of pyrethroid insecticides
and sunscreen agents in dolphins from Brazil. Environ Pollut 207:391–402
10. Feo ML, Eljarrat E, Manaca MN, Dobaño C, Barcelo D, Sunyer J, Alonso PL, Menendez C,
Grimalt JO (2012) Pyrethroid use-malaria control and individual applications by households for
other pests and home garden use. Environ Int 38:67–72
11. Corcellas C, Feo ML, Torres JP, Malm O, Ocampo-Duque W, Eljarrat E, Barcelò D (2012)
Pyrethroids in human breast milk: occurrence and nursing daily intake estimation. Environ Int
47:17–22
12. TCD Insecticide Market Trends and Potential Water quality Implications (2003) TCD environmental report. San Francisco Estuary Project, p 105
13. Mak K, Shan G, Lee HJ, Watanable T, Stoutamire DW, Gee SJ, Hammock BD (2005)
Development of a class selective immunoassay for the type II pyrethroid insecticides. Anal
Chim Acta 534:109–120
14. European Commission, Staff Working Document on Implementation of the Community for
Endocrine Disruptors, a range of substances suspected of interfering with the hormone systems
of humans and wildlife, SEC (2004) 1372, EC, Brussels, Belgium
Analytical Methods for Determining Pyrethroid Insecticides in Environmental and. . .
41