34. Coker E, Chevrier J, Rauch S, Bradman A, Obida M, Crause M, Bornman R, Eskenazi B
(2018) Association between prenatal exposure to multiple insecticides and child body weight
and body composition in the VHEMBE South African birth cohort. Environ Int 113:122–132
35. Dalsager L, Christensen LE, Kongsholm MG, Kyhl HB, Nielsen F, Schoeters G, Jensen TK,
Andersen HR (2018) Associations of maternal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid
insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-D with birth outcomes and anogenital distance at 3 months
in the Odense Child Cohort. Reprod Toxicol (Elmsford, NY) 76:53–62
36. Ling C, Liew Z, von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Park AS, Cui X, Cockburn M, Wu J, Ritz B
(2018) Prenatal exposure to ambient pesticides and preterm birth and term low birthweight in
agricultural regions of California. Toxics 6:E41
37. Shaw GM, Yang W, Roberts EM, Kegley SE, Stevenson DK, Carmichael SL, English PB
(2018) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risks of spontaneous preterm birth.
Epidemiology 29:8–21
38. Ding G, Cui C, Chen L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Shi R, Tian Y (2015) Prenatal exposure to pyrethroid
insecticides and birth outcomes in rural Northern China. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol
25:264–270
39. Rappazzo KM, Warren JL, Davalos AD, Meyer RE, Sanders AP, Brownstein NC, Luben TJ
(2019) Maternal residential exposure to specific agricultural pesticide active ingredients and
birth defects in a 2003-2005 North Carolina birth cohort. Birth Defects Res 111:312–323
40. Carmichael SL, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Brown TJ, English PB, Lammer EJ,
Shaw GM (2016) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risks of selected birth
defects among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Birth Defects Res A Clin
Mol Teratol 106:27–35
41. Carmichael SL, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Padula AM, English PB, Lammer EJ,
Shaw GM (2014) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of selected congenital
heart defects among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Environ Res
135:133–138
42. Shaw GM, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Padula A, English PB, Carmichael SL (2014)
Early pregnancy agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of gastroschisis among offspring in
the San Joaquin Valley of California. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 100:686–694
43. Yang W, Carmichael SL, Roberts EM, Kegley SE, Padula AM, English PB, Shaw GM (2014)
Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts
among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Epidemiol 179:740–748
44. Huang J, Eskenazi B, Bornman R, Rauch S, Chevrier J (2018) Maternal peripartum serum
DDT/E and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and child infections at 2 years in the
VHEMBE birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect 126:067006
45. Ismail AA, Almalki M, Agag A, Solan YM, Bani IA (2018) Pesticide application and Khat
chewing as predictors of the neurological health outcomes among pesticide applicators in a
Vector Control Unit, Saudi Arabia. Int J Occup Environ Med 9:32–44
46. Shrestha S, Kamel F, Umbach DM, Fan Z, Beane Freeman LE, Koutros S, Alavanja M,
Blair A, Sandler DP, Chen H (2018) Factors associated with dream enacting behaviors among
US farmers. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 57:9–15
47. Hansen MRH, Jors E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Bustillos NT, Schlunssen V (2017)
Neurological deficits after long-term pyrethroid exposure. Environ Health Insights
11:1178630217700628
48. Huang X, Zhang C, Hu R, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen Z, Cai J, Cui F (2016) Association between
occupational exposures to pesticides with heterogeneous chemical structures and farmer health
in China. Sci Rep 6:25190
49. Zhang C, Sun Y, Hu R, Huang J, Huang X, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen Z (2018) A comparison of the
effects of agricultural pesticide uses on peripheral nerve conduction in China. Sci Rep 8:9621
50. Campos Y, Dos Santos Pinto da Silva V, Sarpa Campos de Mello M, Barros Otero U (2016)
Exposure to pesticides and mental disorders in a rural population of Southern Brazil.
Neurotoxicology 56:7–16
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
299
(2018) Association between prenatal exposure to multiple insecticides and child body weight
and body composition in the VHEMBE South African birth cohort. Environ Int 113:122–132
35. Dalsager L, Christensen LE, Kongsholm MG, Kyhl HB, Nielsen F, Schoeters G, Jensen TK,
Andersen HR (2018) Associations of maternal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid
insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-D with birth outcomes and anogenital distance at 3 months
in the Odense Child Cohort. Reprod Toxicol (Elmsford, NY) 76:53–62
36. Ling C, Liew Z, von Ehrenstein OS, Heck JE, Park AS, Cui X, Cockburn M, Wu J, Ritz B
(2018) Prenatal exposure to ambient pesticides and preterm birth and term low birthweight in
agricultural regions of California. Toxics 6:E41
37. Shaw GM, Yang W, Roberts EM, Kegley SE, Stevenson DK, Carmichael SL, English PB
(2018) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risks of spontaneous preterm birth.
Epidemiology 29:8–21
38. Ding G, Cui C, Chen L, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Shi R, Tian Y (2015) Prenatal exposure to pyrethroid
insecticides and birth outcomes in rural Northern China. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol
25:264–270
39. Rappazzo KM, Warren JL, Davalos AD, Meyer RE, Sanders AP, Brownstein NC, Luben TJ
(2019) Maternal residential exposure to specific agricultural pesticide active ingredients and
birth defects in a 2003-2005 North Carolina birth cohort. Birth Defects Res 111:312–323
40. Carmichael SL, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Brown TJ, English PB, Lammer EJ,
Shaw GM (2016) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risks of selected birth
defects among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Birth Defects Res A Clin
Mol Teratol 106:27–35
41. Carmichael SL, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Padula AM, English PB, Lammer EJ,
Shaw GM (2014) Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of selected congenital
heart defects among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Environ Res
135:133–138
42. Shaw GM, Yang W, Roberts E, Kegley SE, Padula A, English PB, Carmichael SL (2014)
Early pregnancy agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of gastroschisis among offspring in
the San Joaquin Valley of California. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 100:686–694
43. Yang W, Carmichael SL, Roberts EM, Kegley SE, Padula AM, English PB, Shaw GM (2014)
Residential agricultural pesticide exposures and risk of neural tube defects and orofacial clefts
among offspring in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Epidemiol 179:740–748
44. Huang J, Eskenazi B, Bornman R, Rauch S, Chevrier J (2018) Maternal peripartum serum
DDT/E and urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and child infections at 2 years in the
VHEMBE birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect 126:067006
45. Ismail AA, Almalki M, Agag A, Solan YM, Bani IA (2018) Pesticide application and Khat
chewing as predictors of the neurological health outcomes among pesticide applicators in a
Vector Control Unit, Saudi Arabia. Int J Occup Environ Med 9:32–44
46. Shrestha S, Kamel F, Umbach DM, Fan Z, Beane Freeman LE, Koutros S, Alavanja M,
Blair A, Sandler DP, Chen H (2018) Factors associated with dream enacting behaviors among
US farmers. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 57:9–15
47. Hansen MRH, Jors E, Lander F, Condarco G, Debes F, Bustillos NT, Schlunssen V (2017)
Neurological deficits after long-term pyrethroid exposure. Environ Health Insights
11:1178630217700628
48. Huang X, Zhang C, Hu R, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen Z, Cai J, Cui F (2016) Association between
occupational exposures to pesticides with heterogeneous chemical structures and farmer health
in China. Sci Rep 6:25190
49. Zhang C, Sun Y, Hu R, Huang J, Huang X, Li Y, Yin Y, Chen Z (2018) A comparison of the
effects of agricultural pesticide uses on peripheral nerve conduction in China. Sci Rep 8:9621
50. Campos Y, Dos Santos Pinto da Silva V, Sarpa Campos de Mello M, Barros Otero U (2016)
Exposure to pesticides and mental disorders in a rural population of Southern Brazil.
Neurotoxicology 56:7–16
Human Risk Associated with Long-Term Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides
299