through inhalation and dermally and provided information on the kinetics of
permethrin and its metabolites [55]. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) models predict how a compound is taken up, distributed, metabolized,
and excreted by the body. PBPK models have been used to evaluate urinary
metabolite data and to estimate the corresponding inhalation exposure and other
exposure routes and back-calculate the pyrethroid air concentrations associated with
the measured urinary metabolite levels [56–59]. These studies have also suggested
that for typical household indoor air concentration, and the corresponding inhalation
exposure is not the major source of pyrethroids exposures to individuals. However,
estimates related to peak, shorter-term exposures that can occur during pesticide
applications and corresponding health effects have not been adequately evaluated
using PBPK modeling.
Table 4 Selected metabolites of commonly used pyrethroids and pyrethrins
Pyrethroid
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Allethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Cypermethrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
Cyfluthrin
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPBA)
λ-Cyhalothrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane
carboxylic acid (CFMP)
Deltamethrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cisDBCA)
Esfenvalerate 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
2
0 -(4
0 -Hydroxyphenoxy)-benzoic acid or 3
0 -(4
0 -Hydroxyphenoxy)-benzoic acid
Fenvalerate
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Flumethrin
3-(2-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic
acid (flumethrin acid)
4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPB acid), 4
0 -OH-FPB acid
Permethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
Phenothrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Resmethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Tetramethrin
3-Hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations
239
permethrin and its metabolites [55]. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) models predict how a compound is taken up, distributed, metabolized,
and excreted by the body. PBPK models have been used to evaluate urinary
metabolite data and to estimate the corresponding inhalation exposure and other
exposure routes and back-calculate the pyrethroid air concentrations associated with
the measured urinary metabolite levels [56–59]. These studies have also suggested
that for typical household indoor air concentration, and the corresponding inhalation
exposure is not the major source of pyrethroids exposures to individuals. However,
estimates related to peak, shorter-term exposures that can occur during pesticide
applications and corresponding health effects have not been adequately evaluated
using PBPK modeling.
Table 4 Selected metabolites of commonly used pyrethroids and pyrethrins
Pyrethroid
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Allethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Cypermethrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
Cyfluthrin
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPBA)
λ-Cyhalothrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane
carboxylic acid (CFMP)
Deltamethrin 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cisDBCA)
Esfenvalerate 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
2
0 -(4
0 -Hydroxyphenoxy)-benzoic acid or 3
0 -(4
0 -Hydroxyphenoxy)-benzoic acid
Fenvalerate
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Flumethrin
3-(2-Chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic
acid (flumethrin acid)
4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (FPB acid), 4
0 -OH-FPB acid
Permethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cisDCCA)
trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (transDCCA)
Phenothrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Resmethrin
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)
Tetramethrin
3-Hydroxy-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations
239