Table 1 Personal air samples collected using silicone wristbands
Study and location
Pyrethroids measured
Amount per band and frequency of
detection
Donald et al. [28] (West Africa)
n ¼ 70
Deltamethrin
530 ng per ng band (frequency
99%)
Cypermethrin
293 ng per ng band (frequency
94%)
Esfenvalerate
14.6 ng per ng band (frequency
40%)
trans-Permethrin
48.8 ng per ng band (frequency
27%)
cis-Permethrin
19.5 ng per ng band (frequency
17%)
Bergmann et al. [29] (Peru)
n ¼ 65
Cypermethrin
77–7,700 ng per ng band
(frequency 71%)
Bioallethrin
Only in single sample
Cyhalothrin gamma
Only in single sample
Cyhalothrin lambda
Only in single sample
Cypermethrin I
Only in single sample [28]
Cypermethrin II
Only in three samples
Cypermethrin III
Only in single sample 7
cis-Cyphenothrin
Only in single sample
trans-Cyphenothrin
Only in single sample
Fipronil
Only in single sample
cis-Permethrin
Only in two samples
trans-Permethrin
Only in single sample
Piperonyl butoxide
Only in nine samples
Harley et al. [30] (California,
USA) n ¼ 97
Only frequency reported
Cypermethrin
56%
trans-Permethrin
52%
cis-Permethrin
49%
Esfenvalerate
41%
Piperonyl butoxide
19%
Fipronil
10%
Fipronil sulfide (breakdown
product)
87%
Fipronil sulfone (breakdown
product)
45%
Aerts et al. [31] (Belgium) n ¼ 30 Fipronil
0.8–90 ng per ng band (frequency
33%)
Fipronil-desulfinyl
0.4–47 ng per ng band (frequency
10%)
Fipronil sulfone
0.4–2.0 ng per ng band (frequency
27%)
Mepanipyrim
0.8 ng per ng band (frequency
3.3%)
Pyrimethanil
2.9–8.7 ng per ng band (frequency
10%)
Pyriproxyfen
3 ng per ng band (frequency 3.3%)
Piperonyl butoxide
0.9–55 ng per ng band (frequency
63%)
Indoor and Outdoor Pyrethroid Air Concentrations
233