Environmental Risks of Synthetic
Pyrethroids Used by the Salmon
Industry in Chile
Felipe Tucca and Ricardo Barra
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
1.1 The Salmon Industry in Chile: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1.2 Sanitary Consequences: The Sea Lice Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 179
1.3 Synthetic Pyrethroids: Mode of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2 Exposure Assessment: Approaches to Assess the Risk of Pyrethroids in the Marine
Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2.1 Salmon Farm Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2.2 Sampling of Pyrethroids on Salmon Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3 Effect Assessment: Nontarget Marine Species Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
3.1 Studies on the Effects of Pyrethroid Insecticides on Native Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.1 Assessing the Risks of the Use of Pyrethroids in the Chilean Marine Environment . . 195
5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Abstract Synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin have been
widely used in Chile to treat sea lice on salmon since 2007. The environmental risks
of aquaculture practices are evaluated through the use of several tools such as
fugacity-based models for predicting environmental dynamics and the fate of pyrethroids after their release into the marine environment and the determination of
F. Tucca (*)
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile
Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres
Bello, Santiago, Chile
e-mail: f.tucca@gmail.com
R. Barra (*)
Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre,
University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
e-mail: ricbarra@udec.cl
Ethel Eljarrat (ed.), Pyrethroid Insecticides,
Hdb Env Chem (2020) 92: 177– 204, DOI 10.1007/698_2019_431,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 14 January 2020
177
Pyrethroids Used by the Salmon
Industry in Chile
Felipe Tucca and Ricardo Barra
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
1.1 The Salmon Industry in Chile: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1.2 Sanitary Consequences: The Sea Lice Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 179
1.3 Synthetic Pyrethroids: Mode of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2 Exposure Assessment: Approaches to Assess the Risk of Pyrethroids in the Marine
Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2.1 Salmon Farm Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2.2 Sampling of Pyrethroids on Salmon Farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3 Effect Assessment: Nontarget Marine Species Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
3.1 Studies on the Effects of Pyrethroid Insecticides on Native Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
4.1 Assessing the Risks of the Use of Pyrethroids in the Chilean Marine Environment . . 195
5 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Abstract Synthetic pyrethroids such as cypermethrin and deltamethrin have been
widely used in Chile to treat sea lice on salmon since 2007. The environmental risks
of aquaculture practices are evaluated through the use of several tools such as
fugacity-based models for predicting environmental dynamics and the fate of pyrethroids after their release into the marine environment and the determination of
F. Tucca (*)
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Chile, Puerto Varas, Chile
Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres
Bello, Santiago, Chile
e-mail: f.tucca@gmail.com
R. Barra (*)
Department of Aquatic Systems, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA-Chile Centre,
University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
e-mail: ricbarra@udec.cl
Ethel Eljarrat (ed.), Pyrethroid Insecticides,
Hdb Env Chem (2020) 92: 177– 204, DOI 10.1007/698_2019_431,
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020, Published online: 14 January 2020
177