440
A. I. Miranda et al.
was applied for the years 2003–2005 (present climate), for 2049 and 2064 (mid-term
future) and for 2096 and 2097 (long-term future). The assessment of the potential
damage in terms of productivity and quality was done through the analysis of ozone
deposition and the application of concentration-response functions. The exposure
indicator AOT40 (accumulated concentration of ozone above 40 ppb) for the period
established in the Air Quality Framework Directive 2008/50/CE was also estimated.
The model results show, for present and future climate, that the AOT40 levels in the
entire Douro region are above the target value for the protection of vegetation. The
results of the exposure-response functions suggest that the tropospheric ozone levels
in the future, in the region, would influence the quality and productivity of the wine.
70.1 Introduction
Wine production is a major economic activity in Portugal; among the Portuguese wine
production areas the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) stands out by being where
the famous Port Wine is produced. According to Soja et al. [5] vineyards exposure to
high ozone levels can result in changes in their productivity and wine quality. Moreover, climate change (CC) is expected to have relevant impacts in Southern Europe,
in particular in what concerns ozone levels. Lacressonnière et al. [4] estimated an
increase of O 3 levels of approximately 1.5 ppb per decade in summer in Europe,
under the RCP8.5 scenario.
Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the risk of Douro vineyards exposure to
ozone in present and future climates. The O 3 concentration and deposition over the
DDR were estimated by applying the air quality modelling system WRF-CHIMERE.
To evaluate the potential damage in terms of productivity and quality, exposureresponse functions were applied.
The present work is organized as follows: Sect. 70.2 describes the air quality
modelling system setup and work methodology, the modelling results are presented
in Sect. 70.3, and conclusions are drawn in Sect. 70.4.
70.2 Methodology
The air quality modeling system WRF-CHIMERE was applied over the DDR with
a spatial resolution of 1 km
2 . More details on the model input data and parameterizations can be found in [1].
To assess the ozone concentrations and deposition values over the DDR for the
present and the future climates, a set of 5 scenarios and a total of 11 years were simulated and analyzed. The simulation periods were selected based on an assessment
of the climatology of the region that identified the hottest years from an historical
period (1986–2005) and from mid (2046–2065) and long-term (2081–2100) projected scenarios, which were based on the RCP8.5 pathway. The years 2003–2005
A. I. Miranda et al.
was applied for the years 2003–2005 (present climate), for 2049 and 2064 (mid-term
future) and for 2096 and 2097 (long-term future). The assessment of the potential
damage in terms of productivity and quality was done through the analysis of ozone
deposition and the application of concentration-response functions. The exposure
indicator AOT40 (accumulated concentration of ozone above 40 ppb) for the period
established in the Air Quality Framework Directive 2008/50/CE was also estimated.
The model results show, for present and future climate, that the AOT40 levels in the
entire Douro region are above the target value for the protection of vegetation. The
results of the exposure-response functions suggest that the tropospheric ozone levels
in the future, in the region, would influence the quality and productivity of the wine.
70.1 Introduction
Wine production is a major economic activity in Portugal; among the Portuguese wine
production areas the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR) stands out by being where
the famous Port Wine is produced. According to Soja et al. [5] vineyards exposure to
high ozone levels can result in changes in their productivity and wine quality. Moreover, climate change (CC) is expected to have relevant impacts in Southern Europe,
in particular in what concerns ozone levels. Lacressonnière et al. [4] estimated an
increase of O 3 levels of approximately 1.5 ppb per decade in summer in Europe,
under the RCP8.5 scenario.
Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the risk of Douro vineyards exposure to
ozone in present and future climates. The O 3 concentration and deposition over the
DDR were estimated by applying the air quality modelling system WRF-CHIMERE.
To evaluate the potential damage in terms of productivity and quality, exposureresponse functions were applied.
The present work is organized as follows: Sect. 70.2 describes the air quality
modelling system setup and work methodology, the modelling results are presented
in Sect. 70.3, and conclusions are drawn in Sect. 70.4.
70.2 Methodology
The air quality modeling system WRF-CHIMERE was applied over the DDR with
a spatial resolution of 1 km
2 . More details on the model input data and parameterizations can be found in [1].
To assess the ozone concentrations and deposition values over the DDR for the
present and the future climates, a set of 5 scenarios and a total of 11 years were simulated and analyzed. The simulation periods were selected based on an assessment
of the climatology of the region that identified the hottest years from an historical
period (1986–2005) and from mid (2046–2065) and long-term (2081–2100) projected scenarios, which were based on the RCP8.5 pathway. The years 2003–2005