418
V. Obiso et al.
pronounced underestimation of the observed ω (due to the higher fractions of sulfate, purely scattering species) but a strong overestimation of the observed g. Both
these mean biases seem to be related to a too low real index for the reference sulfate.
Applying the new refractive indexes (PTB case) in both stations causes the simulated
ω to slightly increase and the simulated g to slightly decrease (more in GSFC, due to
the higher presence of sulfate), as expected. However, evidently these microphysical
variations are not enough to fully correct the model biases. In particular, in Beijing
clearly lower fractions of black carbon are needed to fill the gap between simulated
and observed ω. In GSFC, instead, higher fractions of fine (scattering) particles could
cause the simulated g to decrease and so the strong positive mean bias to reduce.
References
1. C. Denjean, F. Cassola, A. Mazzino, S. Triquet, S. Chevaillier, N. Grand, T. Bourrianne, G.
Momboisse, K. Sellegri, A. Schwarzenbock, E. Freney, M. Mallet, P. Formenti, Size distribution
and optical properties of mineral dust aerosols transported in the western Mediterranean. Atmos.
Chem. Phys. 16, 1081–1104 (2016)
2. M.A. Freedman, C.A. Hasenkopf, M.R. Beaver, M.A. Tolbert, Optical properties of internally
mixed aerosol particles composed of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate. J. Phys. Chem.
A 113, 13584–13592 (2009)
3. M. Hess, P. Köpke, I. Schult, Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the software package
OPAC. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 79(5), 831–844 (1998)
4. B.N. Holben, T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. Tanré, J.P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan,
Y.J. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, A. Smirnov, AERONET-A federated
instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens. Environ. 66,
1–16 (1998)
5. R. Irshad, R.G. Grainger, D.M. Peters, R.A. McPheat, K.M. Smith, G. Thomas, Laboratory
measurements of the optical properties of sea salt aerosol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 221–230
(2009)
6. O. Jorba, D. Dabdub, C. Blaszczak-Boxe, C. Pérez, Z. Janjic, J.M. Baldasano, M. Spada, A.
Badia, M. Gonçalves, Potential significance of photoexcited NO2 on global air quality with
the NMMB/BSC chemical transport model. J. Geophys. Res. 117(D13) (2012)
7. C. Lacagnina, O.P. Hasekamp, H. Bian, G. Curci, G. Myhre, T. van Noije, M. Schulz, R.B. Skeie,
T. Takemura, K. Zhang, Aerosol single-scattering albedo over the global oceans: comparing
PARASOL retrievals with AERONET, OMI, and AeroCom models estimates. J. Geophys.
Res.: Atmos. 120, 9814–9836 (2015)
8. J. Li, B.E. Carlson, O. Dubovik, A.A. Lacis, Recent trends in aerosol optical properties derived
from AERONET measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 12271–12289 (2014)
9. P. Liu, Y. Zhang, S.T. Martin, Complex refractive indices of thin films of secondary organic
materials by spectroscopic ellipsometry from 220 to 1200 nm. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47,
13594–13601 (2013)
10. G. Myhre, B.H. Samset, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, T.K. Berntsen, H. Bian, N. Bellouin,
M. Chin, T. Diehl, R.C. Easter, J. Feichter, S.J. Ghan, D. Hauglustaine, T. Iversen, S. Kinne, A.
Kirkevag, J.-F. Lamarque, G. Lin, X. Liu, M.T. Lund, G. Luo, X. Ma, T. van Noije, J.E. Penner,
P.J. Rasch, A. Ruiz, O. Seland, R.B. Skeie, P. Stier, T. Takemura, K. Tsigaridis, P. Wang, Z.
Wang, L. Xu, H. Yu, F. Yu, J.-H. Yoon, K. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Zhou, Radiative forcing of the
direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 1853–1877
(2013)
V. Obiso et al.
pronounced underestimation of the observed ω (due to the higher fractions of sulfate, purely scattering species) but a strong overestimation of the observed g. Both
these mean biases seem to be related to a too low real index for the reference sulfate.
Applying the new refractive indexes (PTB case) in both stations causes the simulated
ω to slightly increase and the simulated g to slightly decrease (more in GSFC, due to
the higher presence of sulfate), as expected. However, evidently these microphysical
variations are not enough to fully correct the model biases. In particular, in Beijing
clearly lower fractions of black carbon are needed to fill the gap between simulated
and observed ω. In GSFC, instead, higher fractions of fine (scattering) particles could
cause the simulated g to decrease and so the strong positive mean bias to reduce.
References
1. C. Denjean, F. Cassola, A. Mazzino, S. Triquet, S. Chevaillier, N. Grand, T. Bourrianne, G.
Momboisse, K. Sellegri, A. Schwarzenbock, E. Freney, M. Mallet, P. Formenti, Size distribution
and optical properties of mineral dust aerosols transported in the western Mediterranean. Atmos.
Chem. Phys. 16, 1081–1104 (2016)
2. M.A. Freedman, C.A. Hasenkopf, M.R. Beaver, M.A. Tolbert, Optical properties of internally
mixed aerosol particles composed of dicarboxylic acids and ammonium sulfate. J. Phys. Chem.
A 113, 13584–13592 (2009)
3. M. Hess, P. Köpke, I. Schult, Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: the software package
OPAC. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 79(5), 831–844 (1998)
4. B.N. Holben, T.F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. Tanré, J.P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermote, J.A. Reagan,
Y.J. Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, A. Smirnov, AERONET-A federated
instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens. Environ. 66,
1–16 (1998)
5. R. Irshad, R.G. Grainger, D.M. Peters, R.A. McPheat, K.M. Smith, G. Thomas, Laboratory
measurements of the optical properties of sea salt aerosol. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 221–230
(2009)
6. O. Jorba, D. Dabdub, C. Blaszczak-Boxe, C. Pérez, Z. Janjic, J.M. Baldasano, M. Spada, A.
Badia, M. Gonçalves, Potential significance of photoexcited NO2 on global air quality with
the NMMB/BSC chemical transport model. J. Geophys. Res. 117(D13) (2012)
7. C. Lacagnina, O.P. Hasekamp, H. Bian, G. Curci, G. Myhre, T. van Noije, M. Schulz, R.B. Skeie,
T. Takemura, K. Zhang, Aerosol single-scattering albedo over the global oceans: comparing
PARASOL retrievals with AERONET, OMI, and AeroCom models estimates. J. Geophys.
Res.: Atmos. 120, 9814–9836 (2015)
8. J. Li, B.E. Carlson, O. Dubovik, A.A. Lacis, Recent trends in aerosol optical properties derived
from AERONET measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 12271–12289 (2014)
9. P. Liu, Y. Zhang, S.T. Martin, Complex refractive indices of thin films of secondary organic
materials by spectroscopic ellipsometry from 220 to 1200 nm. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47,
13594–13601 (2013)
10. G. Myhre, B.H. Samset, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, S. Bauer, T.K. Berntsen, H. Bian, N. Bellouin,
M. Chin, T. Diehl, R.C. Easter, J. Feichter, S.J. Ghan, D. Hauglustaine, T. Iversen, S. Kinne, A.
Kirkevag, J.-F. Lamarque, G. Lin, X. Liu, M.T. Lund, G. Luo, X. Ma, T. van Noije, J.E. Penner,
P.J. Rasch, A. Ruiz, O. Seland, R.B. Skeie, P. Stier, T. Takemura, K. Tsigaridis, P. Wang, Z.
Wang, L. Xu, H. Yu, F. Yu, J.-H. Yoon, K. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Zhou, Radiative forcing of the
direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 1853–1877
(2013)