20 On the Urban Canopy Effects in Regional Climate Simulations …
123
evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Int. J. Clim. 31(273–288), 2011
(2011)
3. R.E. Dickinson, A. Henderson-Sellers, P. Kennedy, Biosphere–atmosphere transfer scheme
(BATS) version 1 as coupled to the NCAR community climate model. Tech Rep, National
Center for Atmospheric Research Tech Note NCAR.TN-387 + STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO
(1993)
4. F. Giorgi, E. Coppola, F. Solmon, F., L. Mariotti, M. Sylla, X. Bi, N. Elguindi, G. T. Diro, V.
Nair, G. Giuliani, S. Cozzini, I. Guettler, T.A. O’Brien, A. Tawfi k, A. Shalaby, A. Zakey, A.
Steiner, F. Stordal, L. Sloan, C. Brankovic, RegCM4: Model description and preliminary tests
over multiple CORDEX domains, Clim. Res. 52, 7–29 (2012)
5. J.M. Godowitch, J.K.S. Ching, J.F. Clarke, Evolution of the nocturnal inversion layer at an
urban and nonurban site. J. Appl. Meteorol. and Clim. 24, 791–804 (1985)
6. C.S.B. Grimmond, T.R. Oke, Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the
suburbs of four North American cities. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34, 873–889 (1995)
7. A. Hou, G. Ni, H. Yang, Z. Lei, Numerical analysis on the contribution of urbanization to wind
stilling: an example over the greater beijing metropolitan area. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 52,
1105–1115 (2013)
8. P. Huszar, M. Belda, T. Halenka, On the long-term impact of emissions from central European
cities on regional air quality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 1331–1352 (2016)
9. P. Huszar, T. Halenka, M. Belda, M. Zak, K. Sindelarova, J. Miksovsky, Regional climate
model assessment of the urban land-surface forcing over central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys.
14, 12393–12413 (2014)
10. A. Martilli, Numerical study of urban impact on boundary layer structure: sensitivity to wind
speed, urban morphology, and rural soil moisture. J. Appl. Meteor. 41, 1247–1266 (2002)
11. A. Martilli, A. Clappier, M.W. Rotach, An urban surface exchange parameterization for
mesoscale models. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 104, 261–304 (2002)
12. T.R. Oke, The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 108, 1–24 (1982)
13. T.R. Oke, Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn., Routledge (1987)
14. K.W. Oleson, J.B. Bonan, J. Feddema, M. Vertenstein, C.S.B. Grimmond, An urban parameterization for a global climate model, Part I: Formulation and evaluation of two cities. J. Appl.
Meteorol. Clim. 47, 1038–1060 (2008)
15. M. Piringer, Exploring the urban boundary layer by sodar and tethersonde. Phys. Chem. Earth
Pt. B. 26, 881–885 (2001)
16. C.E. Reid, M.S. O’Neill, C.J. Gronlund, S.J. Brines, D.G. Brown, A.V. Diez-Roux, J. Schwartz,
Mapping community determinants of heat vulnerability. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 1730–
1736 (2009)
17. K. Richards, T.R. Oke, Validation and results of a scale model of dew deposition in urban
environments. Int. J. Climatol. 22, 1915–1933 (2002)
18. M. Roth, Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 126, 941–990
(2000)
19. C.M. Rozoff, W.R. Cotton, J.O. Adegoke, Simulation of St. Louis, Missouri, land use impacts
on thunderstorms. J. Appl. Meteorol. 42, 716–738 (2003)
20. J.M. Shepherd, H. Pierce, A.J. Negri, Rainfall modification by major urban areas: observations
from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. J. Appl. Meteor. 41, 689–701 (2002)
21. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014).
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision
123
evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Int. J. Clim. 31(273–288), 2011
(2011)
3. R.E. Dickinson, A. Henderson-Sellers, P. Kennedy, Biosphere–atmosphere transfer scheme
(BATS) version 1 as coupled to the NCAR community climate model. Tech Rep, National
Center for Atmospheric Research Tech Note NCAR.TN-387 + STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO
(1993)
4. F. Giorgi, E. Coppola, F. Solmon, F., L. Mariotti, M. Sylla, X. Bi, N. Elguindi, G. T. Diro, V.
Nair, G. Giuliani, S. Cozzini, I. Guettler, T.A. O’Brien, A. Tawfi k, A. Shalaby, A. Zakey, A.
Steiner, F. Stordal, L. Sloan, C. Brankovic, RegCM4: Model description and preliminary tests
over multiple CORDEX domains, Clim. Res. 52, 7–29 (2012)
5. J.M. Godowitch, J.K.S. Ching, J.F. Clarke, Evolution of the nocturnal inversion layer at an
urban and nonurban site. J. Appl. Meteorol. and Clim. 24, 791–804 (1985)
6. C.S.B. Grimmond, T.R. Oke, Comparison of heat fluxes from summertime observations in the
suburbs of four North American cities. J. Appl. Meteorol. 34, 873–889 (1995)
7. A. Hou, G. Ni, H. Yang, Z. Lei, Numerical analysis on the contribution of urbanization to wind
stilling: an example over the greater beijing metropolitan area. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol. 52,
1105–1115 (2013)
8. P. Huszar, M. Belda, T. Halenka, On the long-term impact of emissions from central European
cities on regional air quality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 1331–1352 (2016)
9. P. Huszar, T. Halenka, M. Belda, M. Zak, K. Sindelarova, J. Miksovsky, Regional climate
model assessment of the urban land-surface forcing over central Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys.
14, 12393–12413 (2014)
10. A. Martilli, Numerical study of urban impact on boundary layer structure: sensitivity to wind
speed, urban morphology, and rural soil moisture. J. Appl. Meteor. 41, 1247–1266 (2002)
11. A. Martilli, A. Clappier, M.W. Rotach, An urban surface exchange parameterization for
mesoscale models. Bound. Layer Meteorol. 104, 261–304 (2002)
12. T.R. Oke, The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 108, 1–24 (1982)
13. T.R. Oke, Boundary Layer Climates, 2nd edn., Routledge (1987)
14. K.W. Oleson, J.B. Bonan, J. Feddema, M. Vertenstein, C.S.B. Grimmond, An urban parameterization for a global climate model, Part I: Formulation and evaluation of two cities. J. Appl.
Meteorol. Clim. 47, 1038–1060 (2008)
15. M. Piringer, Exploring the urban boundary layer by sodar and tethersonde. Phys. Chem. Earth
Pt. B. 26, 881–885 (2001)
16. C.E. Reid, M.S. O’Neill, C.J. Gronlund, S.J. Brines, D.G. Brown, A.V. Diez-Roux, J. Schwartz,
Mapping community determinants of heat vulnerability. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 1730–
1736 (2009)
17. K. Richards, T.R. Oke, Validation and results of a scale model of dew deposition in urban
environments. Int. J. Climatol. 22, 1915–1933 (2002)
18. M. Roth, Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 126, 941–990
(2000)
19. C.M. Rozoff, W.R. Cotton, J.O. Adegoke, Simulation of St. Louis, Missouri, land use impacts
on thunderstorms. J. Appl. Meteorol. 42, 716–738 (2003)
20. J.M. Shepherd, H. Pierce, A.J. Negri, Rainfall modification by major urban areas: observations
from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. J. Appl. Meteor. 41, 689–701 (2002)
21. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014).
World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision