266 – Index
unity, see coherence
validity, 169, 197, 198, 231
verbless sentences, 172–4, 244
verbs
auxiliary (‘be’, ‘have’ and modals),
171, 245
finite and non-finite, 170–4
modal, 171, 250
of enquiry, perception and analysis,
153, 163–6, 176, 188
substitute (‘be’, ‘do’, ‘happen’), see
substitution of words
vocabulary
disciplinary differences, 37–8, 185,
198–200, 233
of academic enquiry, see language,
object-language and metalanguage
patterning of, 220–1,
225–6
technical, 233; see also jargon
‘we’, see ‘I’ and ‘we’, use of
websites
approaches to, 63–4
citing, 175, 237
see also internet
‘whereas’, 174, 175
‘which’ clause, 175, 202; see also
defining and non-defining
clauses
Whittow, John B., 246
Wilding, John M., 62
Williams, Raymond, 200
‘wish’, see ‘hope’
‘with’ vs ‘to’, see ‘compare’
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 230, 231
word limits, see length of essay
word-processing programs, 7
grammar checks in, 179
words
choice of, 3, 11
confusion with things, see confusion,
between words and things
elusive, 114–15
see also repetition of words;
substitution of words;
vocabulary; ‘writer’s block’
world wide web, see internet
‘writer’s block’, 7, 11, 27, 113
see also grinding to a halt
writing
and knowledge, see knowledge
and thinking, 5–7, 23, 112–13;see also
language, and your
understanding
as debate, see debate
main elements of, 2–4
problems of, see middles, problems of
Yeats, W. B., 147
‘Yes, but’ discussion, 102; see also
motives, conceding and
qualifying
‘yet’, 104, 108
‘you’, use of, 232
see also reader, addressing the