258 – Index
background information, 91, 93, 94,
96–8
background knowledge, see knowledge
background reading, see reading
balance, 2–3
between comprehensiveness and
depth, 115–16, 118, 133
between elaboration and word limits,
115, 118, 126, 130–1
‘because’, 174–5
begging the question, 104–5, 129, 154
beginnings, see introductions
‘believe’, 149, 150
bibliographies, 230, 236–8, 241, 242
block, see ‘writer’s block’
Bolinger, Dwight, 61
book reviews, 240–2
Bronowski, Jacob, 166
‘but’, 104, 108
‘by’ vs ‘from’, 160
‘by contrast’, 210
‘can’–‘could’, 171
Carr, E. H., 5–6, 12, 99
Carroll, Lewis, 199
case, stating of a, 91–4, 107, 195,
211
case studies, 125–6, 130
cause, causation, 30–1, 44–5, 68, 99
ceteris paribus clause, 105
changing your mind, 112–13
Chillingworth, William, 37
choosing
between answers, 33, 35–7, 94
between endings, 135–6
between grammatical structures, 11,
147–61, 171–4
between interpretations of topics,
40–1
between participants, processes,
177–93
circumstances, 44, 118, 125, 127, 173,
174, 177–9
definition of, 178
clarifying a point, see
elaborating a generalisation
Clark, Manning, 9–10
class nouns, 191
classes, logic of, 43–50, 204
classifying, see analysis, modes of
clauses, 174, 202
main clause, 174, 176, 192
coherence, 3, 8, 16–17, 68, 79–81, 87,
92–4, 192, 215–17, 220–1
cohesion, 215–29
Coleridge, S. T., 165
communication, 12–15
comparative structures, 212–14
‘compare’, 214
comparing and contrasting, see
analysis, modes of
compatibility of evidence, argument,
197
complex sentences, 174
comprehensiveness, 3, 116, 118–19,
198
conceding, see motives
conciseness, 115, 231;see also length of
essay
conclusions, see endings
concrete nouns, 182–6
conditions, of time, place, manner, etc.,
29, 44, 93, 94, 104–6, 127–30
see also circumstances; qualifying
confidence
in an answer, 3, 8–11, 94, 137–8, 149
in oneself, 4–5, 7, 66, 151
confirming, see motives
confusion
between self and material, 151–61
between words and things, 187–90
in sentence structures, 168–93
of participants and processes, 177–93
‘conjecture’, 165
see also speculating
conjecturing, see modes of analysis
see also speculating
conjoining clauses, 174
conjunction, 100
conjunctions, 4, 43, 104, 175, 177
beginning a sentence with, 175
Conrad, Joseph, 4, 177
background information, 91, 93, 94,
96–8
background knowledge, see knowledge
background reading, see reading
balance, 2–3
between comprehensiveness and
depth, 115–16, 118, 133
between elaboration and word limits,
115, 118, 126, 130–1
‘because’, 174–5
begging the question, 104–5, 129, 154
beginnings, see introductions
‘believe’, 149, 150
bibliographies, 230, 236–8, 241, 242
block, see ‘writer’s block’
Bolinger, Dwight, 61
book reviews, 240–2
Bronowski, Jacob, 166
‘but’, 104, 108
‘by’ vs ‘from’, 160
‘by contrast’, 210
‘can’–‘could’, 171
Carr, E. H., 5–6, 12, 99
Carroll, Lewis, 199
case, stating of a, 91–4, 107, 195,
211
case studies, 125–6, 130
cause, causation, 30–1, 44–5, 68, 99
ceteris paribus clause, 105
changing your mind, 112–13
Chillingworth, William, 37
choosing
between answers, 33, 35–7, 94
between endings, 135–6
between grammatical structures, 11,
147–61, 171–4
between interpretations of topics,
40–1
between participants, processes,
177–93
circumstances, 44, 118, 125, 127, 173,
174, 177–9
definition of, 178
clarifying a point, see
elaborating a generalisation
Clark, Manning, 9–10
class nouns, 191
classes, logic of, 43–50, 204
classifying, see analysis, modes of
clauses, 174, 202
main clause, 174, 176, 192
coherence, 3, 8, 16–17, 68, 79–81, 87,
92–4, 192, 215–17, 220–1
cohesion, 215–29
Coleridge, S. T., 165
communication, 12–15
comparative structures, 212–14
‘compare’, 214
comparing and contrasting, see
analysis, modes of
compatibility of evidence, argument,
197
complex sentences, 174
comprehensiveness, 3, 116, 118–19,
198
conceding, see motives
conciseness, 115, 231;see also length of
essay
conclusions, see endings
concrete nouns, 182–6
conditions, of time, place, manner, etc.,
29, 44, 93, 94, 104–6, 127–30
see also circumstances; qualifying
confidence
in an answer, 3, 8–11, 94, 137–8, 149
in oneself, 4–5, 7, 66, 151
confirming, see motives
confusion
between self and material, 151–61
between words and things, 187–90
in sentence structures, 168–93
of participants and processes, 177–93
‘conjecture’, 165
see also speculating
conjecturing, see modes of analysis
see also speculating
conjoining clauses, 174
conjunction, 100
conjunctions, 4, 43, 104, 175, 177
beginning a sentence with, 175
Conrad, Joseph, 4, 177