52
M. A. S. Abdel Monem and P. Lewis
communities focusing on the vulnerable groups. The strategy also highlighted, as an
example, the significant role that “water users associations” can play in enhancing
the sustainable use of water resources through awareness raising programmes and
conveying the messages of water-saving techniques to the local communities.
The Third Communication of Egypt [8] highlighted the active role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Egypt in formulating and implementing
environmental conservation efforts. The Government of Egypt facilitates the growing responsibilities of the private sector through increasing the scope of incentives
aimed at responding to investors’ needs for being fully integrated into the Egyptian
economy.
Labor unions and political parties are vital in facilitating better environmental
management due, in part, to their experience in addressing industrial change, in
protecting the workplace and related natural environments, and in promoting socially
responsible economic development. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
(EEAA) also encourages the efforts of the private sector to use cleaner technologies
through environmentally-friendly industrial zones and processes aiming at increasing
the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recovery and recycling in order to
reduce the amount of waste generated from production activities.
The private sector still faced administrative challenges in achieving their role in
enhancing the environmental dimension of the development. However, the EEAA
signed a protocol with the Federation of the Egyptian Industry (FEI) to promote
cooperation for environmental protection in Egypt. Labour unions and political parties are vital in facilitating better environmental management due, in part, to their
experience in addressing industrial change, and in promoting socially responsible
economic development.
As part of this movement to implement industrial change, Egypt ratified the Kyoto
Protocol on 12th January 2005, an act that when then followed by the establishment
of the Egyptian Designated National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism
“DNA-CDM”. Investment costs of USD 1243 million were initially approved for 55
projects in 2009. These projects aimed to reduce GHG emissions by almost 8.3 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent. They included a reduction of nitrous oxide emission
from the fertilizer industry, renewable energy, fuel switching, methane capture and
flaring from waste, and energy efficiency improvement.
5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies
in Egypt
Women are likely to be most negatively affected by climate change. This is due
to a number of factors, including the roles women perform, their detachment from
resources, and inability to access institutional power. To date, many efforts to mainstream gender have too often been confined to simplistic, ad-hoc and short-term
technical interventions that have failed to challenge inequitable power structures and,
M. A. S. Abdel Monem and P. Lewis
communities focusing on the vulnerable groups. The strategy also highlighted, as an
example, the significant role that “water users associations” can play in enhancing
the sustainable use of water resources through awareness raising programmes and
conveying the messages of water-saving techniques to the local communities.
The Third Communication of Egypt [8] highlighted the active role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Egypt in formulating and implementing
environmental conservation efforts. The Government of Egypt facilitates the growing responsibilities of the private sector through increasing the scope of incentives
aimed at responding to investors’ needs for being fully integrated into the Egyptian
economy.
Labor unions and political parties are vital in facilitating better environmental
management due, in part, to their experience in addressing industrial change, in
protecting the workplace and related natural environments, and in promoting socially
responsible economic development. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
(EEAA) also encourages the efforts of the private sector to use cleaner technologies
through environmentally-friendly industrial zones and processes aiming at increasing
the efficiency of resource use, including reuse, recovery and recycling in order to
reduce the amount of waste generated from production activities.
The private sector still faced administrative challenges in achieving their role in
enhancing the environmental dimension of the development. However, the EEAA
signed a protocol with the Federation of the Egyptian Industry (FEI) to promote
cooperation for environmental protection in Egypt. Labour unions and political parties are vital in facilitating better environmental management due, in part, to their
experience in addressing industrial change, and in promoting socially responsible
economic development.
As part of this movement to implement industrial change, Egypt ratified the Kyoto
Protocol on 12th January 2005, an act that when then followed by the establishment
of the Egyptian Designated National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism
“DNA-CDM”. Investment costs of USD 1243 million were initially approved for 55
projects in 2009. These projects aimed to reduce GHG emissions by almost 8.3 million tons of CO 2 -equivalent. They included a reduction of nitrous oxide emission
from the fertilizer industry, renewable energy, fuel switching, methane capture and
flaring from waste, and energy efficiency improvement.
5 Gender Mainstreaming in the Climate Change Policies
in Egypt
Women are likely to be most negatively affected by climate change. This is due
to a number of factors, including the roles women perform, their detachment from
resources, and inability to access institutional power. To date, many efforts to mainstream gender have too often been confined to simplistic, ad-hoc and short-term
technical interventions that have failed to challenge inequitable power structures and,