608
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
3 Initiatives and Policies
The actual movement towards dealing with CC issues began in 1972 in Stockholm
and advocate government, and then the first international forum on CC that was
held in 1988. Since CC is considered as an international phenomenon and an issue
that has cross-border impacts. The international community formed workgroups to
investigate the type and magnitude these impact, these workgroups took its final
legal shape that is called the Intergovernmental Panel on CC (IPCC). The IPCC was
established by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 that has published the first report on CC in 1990. Based on this report the UNFCCC agreement,
which Egypt was one of the members was signed in 1992 committing industrial
countries to keep the levels of CO 2 emissions to allow the ecosystems to recover
without human intervention. In 1997, a conference in Japan was held on CC to sign
the Kyoto protocol that commits industrial countries to reduce their CO 2 emissions
by 5.2% of the 1990 levels. The IPCC has released a special report on 2018 on the
impact of global warming of 1.5 °C and GHG emission pathways. Additionally, the
report has shown that most climate models showed robust results of regional climate characteristics differences [6]. A number of initiatives taken to deal with CC
through adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2015 [11]. The report
concludes that there are three pillars to reach sustainable adaptation benefits: first,
adopt collaborative management practices involve affected parties in the center of
the innovation process together with involvement in the decision-making over the
adaptation process. Second, develop sustainable programs that identify and deal with
barriers that can be replicated for adaptation interventions. Third, capacity building
for evidence-based policy analysis and evaluation.
In Africa, a 4 years program developed by the UK Strategy for the Global
Challenges Research Fund GCRF-AFRICAP that promotes for a more productive,
resilient to CC and sustainable agriculture production in Sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi
South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia) through a top-down approach from national governments and bottom-up approach with local organizations in the selected countries.
The objective of the GCRF-AFRICAP program is to support climate-smart solutions
and sustainable development for agriculture that seeks reduced poverty and improves
livelihood considering the Sustainable Development Goals and the Malabo Declaration in Africa. These initiative and policies impact will be evaluated in different
locations for an increased application that requires a capacity building that depends
on evidence-based policy development. In this line, GCRF-AFRICAP is carrying out
the necessary research in selected countries that cover a wide range of areas of crop
and animal sciences to soil, ecosystems and social and political sciences. The GCRFAFRICAP program assesses existing farmers’ practices and their impact on yields,
incomes and compare it with predicted CC induced events. The GCRF-AFRICAP
program aim is to put the results obtained from research into empirical work. This
empirical output will be translated into policy into action.
F. Abdelradi and D. Yassin
3 Initiatives and Policies
The actual movement towards dealing with CC issues began in 1972 in Stockholm
and advocate government, and then the first international forum on CC that was
held in 1988. Since CC is considered as an international phenomenon and an issue
that has cross-border impacts. The international community formed workgroups to
investigate the type and magnitude these impact, these workgroups took its final
legal shape that is called the Intergovernmental Panel on CC (IPCC). The IPCC was
established by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988 that has published the first report on CC in 1990. Based on this report the UNFCCC agreement,
which Egypt was one of the members was signed in 1992 committing industrial
countries to keep the levels of CO 2 emissions to allow the ecosystems to recover
without human intervention. In 1997, a conference in Japan was held on CC to sign
the Kyoto protocol that commits industrial countries to reduce their CO 2 emissions
by 5.2% of the 1990 levels. The IPCC has released a special report on 2018 on the
impact of global warming of 1.5 °C and GHG emission pathways. Additionally, the
report has shown that most climate models showed robust results of regional climate characteristics differences [6]. A number of initiatives taken to deal with CC
through adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000–2015 [11]. The report
concludes that there are three pillars to reach sustainable adaptation benefits: first,
adopt collaborative management practices involve affected parties in the center of
the innovation process together with involvement in the decision-making over the
adaptation process. Second, develop sustainable programs that identify and deal with
barriers that can be replicated for adaptation interventions. Third, capacity building
for evidence-based policy analysis and evaluation.
In Africa, a 4 years program developed by the UK Strategy for the Global
Challenges Research Fund GCRF-AFRICAP that promotes for a more productive,
resilient to CC and sustainable agriculture production in Sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi
South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia) through a top-down approach from national governments and bottom-up approach with local organizations in the selected countries.
The objective of the GCRF-AFRICAP program is to support climate-smart solutions
and sustainable development for agriculture that seeks reduced poverty and improves
livelihood considering the Sustainable Development Goals and the Malabo Declaration in Africa. These initiative and policies impact will be evaluated in different
locations for an increased application that requires a capacity building that depends
on evidence-based policy development. In this line, GCRF-AFRICAP is carrying out
the necessary research in selected countries that cover a wide range of areas of crop
and animal sciences to soil, ecosystems and social and political sciences. The GCRFAFRICAP program assesses existing farmers’ practices and their impact on yields,
incomes and compare it with predicted CC induced events. The GCRF-AFRICAP
program aim is to put the results obtained from research into empirical work. This
empirical output will be translated into policy into action.