502
A. M. M. Hamdy
antibodies specific to the disease organism. (d) The cellular immune response:
The cellular component of the immune response includes all the cells that react
with specificity to antigens, except those associated with antibody production. (e)
Lymphokines: which are soluble proteins that assist in activating other components
of the immune response? The lymphokines act by: Reacting with white blood cells
to increase their ability to swoop on the foreign infestation, increasing the rate of
lymphocyte production, breaking down cells (damaged body cells, bacteria) and
performing other related functions [3, 10].
3 Climate Changes Challenges
Climate change acts as a major threat to climate—sensitive sectors. This change
in climate is the greatest challenge to about 1.3 billion population who depends
on animal husbandry as their livelihood. “Livestock are called as the living bank
for farmers. They contribute about 53% of world agricultural” [11] and also to the
economy by means of milk, meat, hide, eggs, drought power, manure etc.
Heat stress is considered as one of the primary factors that imposes negative
impacts on chicken production and reproduction. Due to global warming, abrupt climatic conditions like storms, droughts, floods and extreme hot and cold temperatures
are predominant around the globe. With the changing climatic scenario, the frequency
and duration of exposure of livestock to abiotic and biotic stressors increases.
In the changing climate scenario, other factors like solar radiation, photoperiod
and humidity also synergizes with the above stressors. Furthermore, the concept of
global warming is alarming the earth planet day by day. According to the latest report
released by IPCC [1], there is an average of about 1.53 °F (0.85 °C) rise in global
surface temperature from 1880 to 2012. The earth’s climate has warmed in the last
century with current climate models indicating a 0.28 °C increase per decade for the
next two decades and predicted the increase in global average surface temperature
by 2100 to be between 1.88 and 4.08 °C [12]. Therefore, the increasing concern on
the thermal comfort of agricultural animals is not only justifiable for countries in
tropical areas, but also for nations with high ambient temperatures [13]. Latent and
sensible heats are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. Latent
heat is related to changes in phase among liquids, gases, and solids. Sensible heat is
related to changes in ambient [14].
3.1 Latent Heat
Latent heat plays a very important role in thunderstorms and hurricanes. Warm air
rises and the water vapor it contains condenses in particles called the cloud. When
the water vapor condenses to form clouds, it releases latent heat into the atmosphere.
A. M. M. Hamdy
antibodies specific to the disease organism. (d) The cellular immune response:
The cellular component of the immune response includes all the cells that react
with specificity to antigens, except those associated with antibody production. (e)
Lymphokines: which are soluble proteins that assist in activating other components
of the immune response? The lymphokines act by: Reacting with white blood cells
to increase their ability to swoop on the foreign infestation, increasing the rate of
lymphocyte production, breaking down cells (damaged body cells, bacteria) and
performing other related functions [3, 10].
3 Climate Changes Challenges
Climate change acts as a major threat to climate—sensitive sectors. This change
in climate is the greatest challenge to about 1.3 billion population who depends
on animal husbandry as their livelihood. “Livestock are called as the living bank
for farmers. They contribute about 53% of world agricultural” [11] and also to the
economy by means of milk, meat, hide, eggs, drought power, manure etc.
Heat stress is considered as one of the primary factors that imposes negative
impacts on chicken production and reproduction. Due to global warming, abrupt climatic conditions like storms, droughts, floods and extreme hot and cold temperatures
are predominant around the globe. With the changing climatic scenario, the frequency
and duration of exposure of livestock to abiotic and biotic stressors increases.
In the changing climate scenario, other factors like solar radiation, photoperiod
and humidity also synergizes with the above stressors. Furthermore, the concept of
global warming is alarming the earth planet day by day. According to the latest report
released by IPCC [1], there is an average of about 1.53 °F (0.85 °C) rise in global
surface temperature from 1880 to 2012. The earth’s climate has warmed in the last
century with current climate models indicating a 0.28 °C increase per decade for the
next two decades and predicted the increase in global average surface temperature
by 2100 to be between 1.88 and 4.08 °C [12]. Therefore, the increasing concern on
the thermal comfort of agricultural animals is not only justifiable for countries in
tropical areas, but also for nations with high ambient temperatures [13]. Latent and
sensible heats are types of energy released or absorbed in the atmosphere. Latent
heat is related to changes in phase among liquids, gases, and solids. Sensible heat is
related to changes in ambient [14].
3.1 Latent Heat
Latent heat plays a very important role in thunderstorms and hurricanes. Warm air
rises and the water vapor it contains condenses in particles called the cloud. When
the water vapor condenses to form clouds, it releases latent heat into the atmosphere.