Climate Change Impact on Immune …
485
to T regulatory cell and also TGF-β, a regulatory cytokine production; thereby it
suppresses immune response [5].
3 Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production
The rapid development of poultry production in many countries of the world with
warm climates, such as most countries of the Arab global has, the interest for studying the impact of environment temperature increased as one of the consequences of
climate change on poultry production, which is one of the biggest problems can be
encountered, because it is the most important needs for poultry. The growth achieved
for the quality and quantity production of the bird depends not only on the capabilities
of the genetic and the food quality provided to him, but also depends on the environmental factors surrounding it, which negatively affect the ability of productivity and
the economic benefits envisaged. Therefore, air temperature is considered one of the
most important external environment factors, which directly affect the physiological
and productive status on the birds causing constant stress.
Heat stress is the most stressful factor that causes severe losses in poultry farms,
especially when high temperatures are accompanied by high humidity, such as some
countries due to climatic changes like Egypt. Also, heat stress severely affects the
productivity of poultry directly on egg production and growth rates of broilers or indirectly by increasing the probability of growth and reproduction of toxin-producing
fungi in feed or by reducing the ability of birds to cope with other stressors. In
females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the
hypothalamus and at the ovary, leading to reduced systemic levels and functions.
3.1 Egg Production
The optimal care of the laying hens under the conditions of heat stress is one of
the most important criteria that affect productivity efficiency. The factors related
to the herd care and management is combined with the provision of the optimal
ingredients of balanced nutrition during the growth stage to reach the production of
the young layers to the optimal weight, good health and physical condition at sexual
maturity. It is known that high temperature contributes significantly to the lack of
access to optimal weight, which leads to the deterioration of productive efficiency
throughout the cycle of egg production, it was found that the care of herds leaves
within the temperature of 35 °C reduces the body weight at sexual maturity by
20–30% compared to the same hens rearing at a temperature of 21 °C.
It is preferable for the breeders during the heat stress to reach laying hens at sexual
maturity to a weight slightly higher than the standard weight, which increases the
consumption of food later, improve produced of the eggs weight and make them
more persistent on production [6].
485
to T regulatory cell and also TGF-β, a regulatory cytokine production; thereby it
suppresses immune response [5].
3 Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production
The rapid development of poultry production in many countries of the world with
warm climates, such as most countries of the Arab global has, the interest for studying the impact of environment temperature increased as one of the consequences of
climate change on poultry production, which is one of the biggest problems can be
encountered, because it is the most important needs for poultry. The growth achieved
for the quality and quantity production of the bird depends not only on the capabilities
of the genetic and the food quality provided to him, but also depends on the environmental factors surrounding it, which negatively affect the ability of productivity and
the economic benefits envisaged. Therefore, air temperature is considered one of the
most important external environment factors, which directly affect the physiological
and productive status on the birds causing constant stress.
Heat stress is the most stressful factor that causes severe losses in poultry farms,
especially when high temperatures are accompanied by high humidity, such as some
countries due to climatic changes like Egypt. Also, heat stress severely affects the
productivity of poultry directly on egg production and growth rates of broilers or indirectly by increasing the probability of growth and reproduction of toxin-producing
fungi in feed or by reducing the ability of birds to cope with other stressors. In
females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the
hypothalamus and at the ovary, leading to reduced systemic levels and functions.
3.1 Egg Production
The optimal care of the laying hens under the conditions of heat stress is one of
the most important criteria that affect productivity efficiency. The factors related
to the herd care and management is combined with the provision of the optimal
ingredients of balanced nutrition during the growth stage to reach the production of
the young layers to the optimal weight, good health and physical condition at sexual
maturity. It is known that high temperature contributes significantly to the lack of
access to optimal weight, which leads to the deterioration of productive efficiency
throughout the cycle of egg production, it was found that the care of herds leaves
within the temperature of 35 °C reduces the body weight at sexual maturity by
20–30% compared to the same hens rearing at a temperature of 21 °C.
It is preferable for the breeders during the heat stress to reach laying hens at sexual
maturity to a weight slightly higher than the standard weight, which increases the
consumption of food later, improve produced of the eggs weight and make them
more persistent on production [6].