Climate Change Impact on Immune …
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2.2 Behavioral Response
The birds begin to change their behavior to facilitate heat exchange or to get rid of
excess heat, which affects the productivity. The birds are exhausted and lose appetite
and begin to remove their wings from the body, and increase the speed of breath and
exhaustion to get rid of excess heat through water vapor, look for isolated places with
the lowest temperature as they stick to cold joints. This is worse if the temperature
increases with the increase in humidity as in our country now. Therefore, the ability
of the bird to evaporate is reduced, thus increasing the risk of warming. The birds
also take some physiological pathways, such as conversion and flow of blood from
internal organs to skin [2].
When the temperature rises below 29 °C the thermal capacity of the bird decreases,
leading to deterioration of the feed conversion efficiency. This results in a negative
effect on production. Large and overweight birds are more prone to stress and mortality than small ones. The ideal range of the bird begins to perform several mechanical
procedures to make its temperature constant can be explained as follows:
– Birds try to move away from each other.
– Move to cold surfaces, such as walls or places with air masses and cold currents.
– Remove the wings from the body to reduce the insulation and stripping any areas
of the skin without feathers.
– Reduce the temperature of the fatty cover under the skin.
– The flow of blood to the skin of the limbs, especially comb and wattles.
– Reduce movement and reduce food consumption.
– Increasing water consumption.
– Eliminate excess heat through intense panting.
2.3 Physiological Response
The optimum temperature degree of production performance ranging between 20 and
24 °C for laying hens and 18–20 °C for broilers. Body temperature of chickens began
increasing when the ambient temperature rose above 30 °C if the rate of increase in
ambient temperature was rapid. Physiological response to heat stress in birds involve
the functional integration of several organs to meet the metabolic needs of birds that
are trying to dissipate heat and maintain homeostasis. The chicken response occurs
through increased activity of hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal gland. A
series of physiological measures to counter this stress begin by increasing the rate of
respiration from 25 times/min. to 260 times/min., resulting in large amounts of carbon
dioxide and thus bicarbonate, in blood plasma [3]. In turn, the lowered concentration
of hydrogen ions causes a rise in plasma pH, a condition generally referred to as
alkalosis.
The hypothalamus starts to stimulate the secretion of hormones that inhibit urinary
incontinence, becoming more watery. Corticosteroids are also released, increasing
483
2.2 Behavioral Response
The birds begin to change their behavior to facilitate heat exchange or to get rid of
excess heat, which affects the productivity. The birds are exhausted and lose appetite
and begin to remove their wings from the body, and increase the speed of breath and
exhaustion to get rid of excess heat through water vapor, look for isolated places with
the lowest temperature as they stick to cold joints. This is worse if the temperature
increases with the increase in humidity as in our country now. Therefore, the ability
of the bird to evaporate is reduced, thus increasing the risk of warming. The birds
also take some physiological pathways, such as conversion and flow of blood from
internal organs to skin [2].
When the temperature rises below 29 °C the thermal capacity of the bird decreases,
leading to deterioration of the feed conversion efficiency. This results in a negative
effect on production. Large and overweight birds are more prone to stress and mortality than small ones. The ideal range of the bird begins to perform several mechanical
procedures to make its temperature constant can be explained as follows:
– Birds try to move away from each other.
– Move to cold surfaces, such as walls or places with air masses and cold currents.
– Remove the wings from the body to reduce the insulation and stripping any areas
of the skin without feathers.
– Reduce the temperature of the fatty cover under the skin.
– The flow of blood to the skin of the limbs, especially comb and wattles.
– Reduce movement and reduce food consumption.
– Increasing water consumption.
– Eliminate excess heat through intense panting.
2.3 Physiological Response
The optimum temperature degree of production performance ranging between 20 and
24 °C for laying hens and 18–20 °C for broilers. Body temperature of chickens began
increasing when the ambient temperature rose above 30 °C if the rate of increase in
ambient temperature was rapid. Physiological response to heat stress in birds involve
the functional integration of several organs to meet the metabolic needs of birds that
are trying to dissipate heat and maintain homeostasis. The chicken response occurs
through increased activity of hypothalamus, pituitary gland and adrenal gland. A
series of physiological measures to counter this stress begin by increasing the rate of
respiration from 25 times/min. to 260 times/min., resulting in large amounts of carbon
dioxide and thus bicarbonate, in blood plasma [3]. In turn, the lowered concentration
of hydrogen ions causes a rise in plasma pH, a condition generally referred to as
alkalosis.
The hypothalamus starts to stimulate the secretion of hormones that inhibit urinary
incontinence, becoming more watery. Corticosteroids are also released, increasing