Nano-technology for Real-Time Control of the Red Palm …
337
it seems that there is no need to drill more than one hole per palm trunk to introduce
the pesticides inside the trunk as long as the pesticides moved out of injection sites
and distributed fairly in date palm tissues. The rapid pesticides distribution on date
palm trunk depends on upon the distribution of xylem and phloem bundles in the
trunk.
4.2.2 Effect of Proposed Nano-minerals Extract on the Different
Developmental Stages of RPW
Data in Table 2 show that Nano-minerals extract (NME) was high powerful against
larvae. The higher mortality (100%) occurred when larvae of R. ferrugenius was
treated with NME at a dose of 5 ml L
−1 and the lower toxicity (35%) was obtained
after the larva was treated with the lower dose (1 ml L
−1 ). The Pupal stage was
less affected by NME. The Pupal mortalities were 92% after treatment with the
higher dose (5 ml L
−1 ) of NME. The lower adult mortality (18%) produced at a
dose of 1 ml L
−1 . Similar results were obtained against the red palm weevil, R.
ferrugineus reported by many authors. Abdullah and Nassar [59] reported that B.
chinensis oil, Abamectin, N. oleander and A. viridis extracts were effective and
reduced the eggs fertility of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Bream et al. [60] suggested
that the lethal effect of B. chinensis oil was increased by increasing the age of pupae.
Nassar and Abdullah [61], reported that Azadirachtin was very toxic against the
different developmental stages of R. ferrugineus.
From the results recorded in Table 2, it shows that, duration was significantly
(p < 0.05) shortened by the effect of NME on larvae and adults of Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus. Also, duration was dose dependent term, it decreased as increasing doses
of NME. The pupal duration decreased, 30 min as affected by the high dose (5 ml L
−1 )
of NME, while the lower dose (1 ml L
−1 ) caused increasing (160 min) of the pupal
duration (Table 2). Some authors obtained similar results by using precoceneII or
some plant extracts. Shabana et al. [62] use an aqueous extract of the whole plant,
Ageratum conyzoides contained precoceneII, verified reduction of larvae emergence
Table 2 Effect of nano-minerals extract on the different developmental stages and adult durations
of red palm weevil
Doses
ml L −1
% of larval
mortality
% of pupal
mortality
% of adult
mortality
Larval
duration in
minuets
Pupal
duration in
minuets
Adult
duration in
minuets
1
35
29
18
105
160
78
2
44
41
34
65
110
48
3
60
58
46
2.5
69
6.5
4
80
69
58
1.9
58
2.6
5
100
92
87
1.3
30
1.5
Control
1
0.25
0.21
–
–
–
337
it seems that there is no need to drill more than one hole per palm trunk to introduce
the pesticides inside the trunk as long as the pesticides moved out of injection sites
and distributed fairly in date palm tissues. The rapid pesticides distribution on date
palm trunk depends on upon the distribution of xylem and phloem bundles in the
trunk.
4.2.2 Effect of Proposed Nano-minerals Extract on the Different
Developmental Stages of RPW
Data in Table 2 show that Nano-minerals extract (NME) was high powerful against
larvae. The higher mortality (100%) occurred when larvae of R. ferrugenius was
treated with NME at a dose of 5 ml L
−1 and the lower toxicity (35%) was obtained
after the larva was treated with the lower dose (1 ml L
−1 ). The Pupal stage was
less affected by NME. The Pupal mortalities were 92% after treatment with the
higher dose (5 ml L
−1 ) of NME. The lower adult mortality (18%) produced at a
dose of 1 ml L
−1 . Similar results were obtained against the red palm weevil, R.
ferrugineus reported by many authors. Abdullah and Nassar [59] reported that B.
chinensis oil, Abamectin, N. oleander and A. viridis extracts were effective and
reduced the eggs fertility of Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Bream et al. [60] suggested
that the lethal effect of B. chinensis oil was increased by increasing the age of pupae.
Nassar and Abdullah [61], reported that Azadirachtin was very toxic against the
different developmental stages of R. ferrugineus.
From the results recorded in Table 2, it shows that, duration was significantly
(p < 0.05) shortened by the effect of NME on larvae and adults of Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus. Also, duration was dose dependent term, it decreased as increasing doses
of NME. The pupal duration decreased, 30 min as affected by the high dose (5 ml L
−1 )
of NME, while the lower dose (1 ml L
−1 ) caused increasing (160 min) of the pupal
duration (Table 2). Some authors obtained similar results by using precoceneII or
some plant extracts. Shabana et al. [62] use an aqueous extract of the whole plant,
Ageratum conyzoides contained precoceneII, verified reduction of larvae emergence
Table 2 Effect of nano-minerals extract on the different developmental stages and adult durations
of red palm weevil
Doses
ml L −1
% of larval
mortality
% of pupal
mortality
% of adult
mortality
Larval
duration in
minuets
Pupal
duration in
minuets
Adult
duration in
minuets
1
35
29
18
105
160
78
2
44
41
34
65
110
48
3
60
58
46
2.5
69
6.5
4
80
69
58
1.9
58
2.6
5
100
92
87
1.3
30
1.5
Control
1
0.25
0.21
–
–
–