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H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
case, rice cultivating could be the best solution, while, other areas with non-saline
soil could be cultivated with other crop types [56]. Furthermore, the negative impacts
on salinity on soil properties and productivity, salinity is one of the major sources of
declining net primary production the OM, C, and N in soil [57, 58].
8 The Effect of Agriculture Management Practice
on Enhanced Rice Production for Confronting
the Challenges of Climate Change and Expected Water
Deficiency
Enhancement agricultural productivity in the last five decades has mainly been related
to energy-intensive systems for growing crops such as rice and wheat. A high input
conventional tillage and intensive weed management systems consist of primary and
secondary tillage implements. Furthermore, transplanted paddy cultivation demands
a huge amount of energy regarding labor for land preparation, puddling and transplanting. Transplanted rice paddy requires 4000–5000 L kg
−1 of water for rice production. Moreover, a huge amount of energy is required for application of water, as
well caused significant CH 4 emission. On the progress of second-generation farm
apparatus and global concern about energy savings and GHGs emissions issues, zero
tillage, residue retention, green manuring, using of small farm machinery, real-time
N management through leaf color chart offer a platform to highlight these issues.
Among these techniques, zero-till transplanting without puddling provides a new
opportunity for energy and C saving [16]. As rice cultivation requires a great quantity of water, the cultivation of rice in rotation with other crops that need low water
consumption in the dry season is an interesting option. Crop rotation in rice fields
can enhance the utilization of agricultural land [8].
As previously reported, the OM plays a fundamental role in a various biological, chemical, and physical processes in the soil ecosystem; the SOC stock is one
of the essential indicators of soil health and quality. The SOC represents a large C
stock in the global C cycle, acting as a dynamic balance between C inputs (through
photosynthesis and deposition) and losses (via respiration, erosion, and leaching).
The SOC accumulation can convert atmospheric CO 2 into stable organic C stocks in
the soil and sequester atmospheric CO 2 , to mitigate climate change. Subsequently,
increasing and sustaining the SOC stock is a critical issue for reaching desired soil
functions and sequestering atmospheric CO 2 . Therefore, in agroecosystems, the SOC
balance is affected by management practices as OM additions, fertilization, tillage
intensity, irrigation, and crop rotation. Thus, the utilization of organic amendments
such as farmyard manure, green manure, and crop residues has been recognized as
the most practical method for increasing the SOC stock [59]. The potential carbon
sequestration by improving soil C stocks via sustainable land management has now
been realized for world agriculture. Management practices such as crop rotations, soil
tillage, fallow periods and water management could either reduce or increase soil C
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
case, rice cultivating could be the best solution, while, other areas with non-saline
soil could be cultivated with other crop types [56]. Furthermore, the negative impacts
on salinity on soil properties and productivity, salinity is one of the major sources of
declining net primary production the OM, C, and N in soil [57, 58].
8 The Effect of Agriculture Management Practice
on Enhanced Rice Production for Confronting
the Challenges of Climate Change and Expected Water
Deficiency
Enhancement agricultural productivity in the last five decades has mainly been related
to energy-intensive systems for growing crops such as rice and wheat. A high input
conventional tillage and intensive weed management systems consist of primary and
secondary tillage implements. Furthermore, transplanted paddy cultivation demands
a huge amount of energy regarding labor for land preparation, puddling and transplanting. Transplanted rice paddy requires 4000–5000 L kg
−1 of water for rice production. Moreover, a huge amount of energy is required for application of water, as
well caused significant CH 4 emission. On the progress of second-generation farm
apparatus and global concern about energy savings and GHGs emissions issues, zero
tillage, residue retention, green manuring, using of small farm machinery, real-time
N management through leaf color chart offer a platform to highlight these issues.
Among these techniques, zero-till transplanting without puddling provides a new
opportunity for energy and C saving [16]. As rice cultivation requires a great quantity of water, the cultivation of rice in rotation with other crops that need low water
consumption in the dry season is an interesting option. Crop rotation in rice fields
can enhance the utilization of agricultural land [8].
As previously reported, the OM plays a fundamental role in a various biological, chemical, and physical processes in the soil ecosystem; the SOC stock is one
of the essential indicators of soil health and quality. The SOC represents a large C
stock in the global C cycle, acting as a dynamic balance between C inputs (through
photosynthesis and deposition) and losses (via respiration, erosion, and leaching).
The SOC accumulation can convert atmospheric CO 2 into stable organic C stocks in
the soil and sequester atmospheric CO 2 , to mitigate climate change. Subsequently,
increasing and sustaining the SOC stock is a critical issue for reaching desired soil
functions and sequestering atmospheric CO 2 . Therefore, in agroecosystems, the SOC
balance is affected by management practices as OM additions, fertilization, tillage
intensity, irrigation, and crop rotation. Thus, the utilization of organic amendments
such as farmyard manure, green manure, and crop residues has been recognized as
the most practical method for increasing the SOC stock [59]. The potential carbon
sequestration by improving soil C stocks via sustainable land management has now
been realized for world agriculture. Management practices such as crop rotations, soil
tillage, fallow periods and water management could either reduce or increase soil C