312
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
will likely increase water demand for agriculture, mainly for irrigation, due to long
dry periods and severe drought, especially it is estimated at over 40% increase in
irrigated land by 2080. As well, it will likely increase water demand for billions
of farm animals due to higher atmospheric temperatures thus hydration needs. Also
climate change will likely increase water quantities that needed for industrial cooling
because of increased atmospheric and water temperature [52].
In the future, water may become more expensive, less available and allocations
will be less secure, especially for water-intensive activities such as rice. Rice industry stake-holders and growers have already adopted a risk-averse approach. At some
place in the world such as California and Papua New Guinea, there is a flexible and
effective global supply network for warranting and processing to ensure continuous
supply through critical periods. At the farm level, during years of low water availability, rice growers trade water as a tactical response and move to low water-intensive
or dryland farming. This, however, has caused highly variable rice supplies and has
filled some production gaps [53]. It is added that water has many competing usages,
but in the currently, climate change is further aggravating the water scarcity issues
by decreasing its availability for irrigation purposes. Approximately 15–20 million
ha of irrigated rice may suffer from water scarcity by the year 2025. Furthermore,
the upcoming increased concentration of atmospheric CO 2 may increase the GHG
intensity of rice production. Therefore, improving rice varieties and better management practices that need less water, land, and energy, and those that improve the
rice productivity is urgent in the 21st century. Also, a farmer seeking to cultivate a
given crop under increasingly the stress of water resources will utilize in the available adaptation options to improve the efficiency of water usage and will amplify the
adaptive effort because access to water resources becomes more restricted. At some
point, adaptation efforts under the existing regime will become inconsistent to the
benefits and a new adaptation action such as a novel irrigation system or altering a
crop will be needed to retain a farming livelihood [13, 54].
7.2 Water Deficiency Due to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance
Dam Construction
The Nile River is one of the most important rivers in the world. Eleven countries are
depending on the Nile River water; Burundi, Eritrea, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia,
Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Sudan, and Egypt. Egypt share
from the Nile River fresh water is limited by a covenant signed in 1959 between
Sudan and Egypt where Egypt share is 55.5 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) year
−1 and
Sudan share is 18.5 BCM year
−1 . Most of the Nile River water comes mainly from
the Ethiopian plateau cross the Blue Nile and Atbara in the flood period of the flood
that starting from August to December. Ethiopia’s tributaries provide approximately
86% of the Nile River water. Ethiopia began constructing the GERD. In 2011, on
Guba that located on the Blue Nile approximately 60 km from Sudan and 750 km
H. Elbasiouny and F. Elbehiry
will likely increase water demand for agriculture, mainly for irrigation, due to long
dry periods and severe drought, especially it is estimated at over 40% increase in
irrigated land by 2080. As well, it will likely increase water demand for billions
of farm animals due to higher atmospheric temperatures thus hydration needs. Also
climate change will likely increase water quantities that needed for industrial cooling
because of increased atmospheric and water temperature [52].
In the future, water may become more expensive, less available and allocations
will be less secure, especially for water-intensive activities such as rice. Rice industry stake-holders and growers have already adopted a risk-averse approach. At some
place in the world such as California and Papua New Guinea, there is a flexible and
effective global supply network for warranting and processing to ensure continuous
supply through critical periods. At the farm level, during years of low water availability, rice growers trade water as a tactical response and move to low water-intensive
or dryland farming. This, however, has caused highly variable rice supplies and has
filled some production gaps [53]. It is added that water has many competing usages,
but in the currently, climate change is further aggravating the water scarcity issues
by decreasing its availability for irrigation purposes. Approximately 15–20 million
ha of irrigated rice may suffer from water scarcity by the year 2025. Furthermore,
the upcoming increased concentration of atmospheric CO 2 may increase the GHG
intensity of rice production. Therefore, improving rice varieties and better management practices that need less water, land, and energy, and those that improve the
rice productivity is urgent in the 21st century. Also, a farmer seeking to cultivate a
given crop under increasingly the stress of water resources will utilize in the available adaptation options to improve the efficiency of water usage and will amplify the
adaptive effort because access to water resources becomes more restricted. At some
point, adaptation efforts under the existing regime will become inconsistent to the
benefits and a new adaptation action such as a novel irrigation system or altering a
crop will be needed to retain a farming livelihood [13, 54].
7.2 Water Deficiency Due to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance
Dam Construction
The Nile River is one of the most important rivers in the world. Eleven countries are
depending on the Nile River water; Burundi, Eritrea, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia,
Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Sudan, and Egypt. Egypt share
from the Nile River fresh water is limited by a covenant signed in 1959 between
Sudan and Egypt where Egypt share is 55.5 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) year
−1 and
Sudan share is 18.5 BCM year
−1 . Most of the Nile River water comes mainly from
the Ethiopian plateau cross the Blue Nile and Atbara in the flood period of the flood
that starting from August to December. Ethiopia’s tributaries provide approximately
86% of the Nile River water. Ethiopia began constructing the GERD. In 2011, on
Guba that located on the Blue Nile approximately 60 km from Sudan and 750 km