18
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
Additionally, the report has shown that most climate models showed robust results
of regional climate characteristics differences [14].
Both agriculture and climate change impact each other. Climate change affects
agriculture in different ways through changing the intensity, the frequency, and occurrence of events (rainfall, heat waves, changes in pests and diseases, changes in carbon
dioxide, droughts) that are not common in the location´s history. Egypt is considered
one of the countries that are vulnerable to climate change impact because it is located
in a region that falls between semi-arid and arid conditions, where 94.5% of Egypt
total area is desert. The 5.5% of the area is populated with 95 million inhabitants that
where the River Nile and the coastal area. The objective of this study is to assess the
climate impact using different indicators (humidity, average maximum temperature)
on cereals production and technical efficiency in five governorates (Behera, Gharbia,
Kafr-Elsheikh, Dakahlia, and Sharkia) from the year 2000 to the year 2009.
The graphical analysis of the mean Vegetation Condition Index (VHI) exhibits a
positive trend over time for the analyzed governorates and the Agricultural Stress
Index (ASI) indicator exhibits high fluctuations for season 2 compared with season
1 considering the higher the index value the more likelihood of facing drought. The
increase in the ASI was more intense for Behera, Gharbia, Sharkia, which represent
the old lands and New Valley that represent the new lands. Results of the frontier
analysis, production elasticity estimates indicate that, for all governorates, the cultivated area has the largest positive effect on the quantity produced. In the case of the
rice model, cultivated land, labor and fertilizers are found to have statistically significant influence; lagged rice production has an adverse impact on current production
because of the government policy to minimize water resources consumption. Also
the results of the analysis show that the average maximum temperature and humidity
are found to increase the technical inefficiency of the cereals producers.
The book ends with the conclusions and recommendations in last chapter.
Acknowledgements The editors who wrote this chapter would like to acknowledge the authors of
the chapters for their efforts during the different phases of the book including their inputs in this
chapter.
References
1. Mubaya C, Mafongoya P (2017) The role of institutions in managing local level climate change
adaptation in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Climate Risk Manag 16:93–105
2. United Nations (2018) Implementation of the framework for capacity-building in developing
countries. Framework convention on climate change subsidiary body for implementation fortyeighth session (Bonn, 30 April to 10 May 2018)
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
Additionally, the report has shown that most climate models showed robust results
of regional climate characteristics differences [14].
Both agriculture and climate change impact each other. Climate change affects
agriculture in different ways through changing the intensity, the frequency, and occurrence of events (rainfall, heat waves, changes in pests and diseases, changes in carbon
dioxide, droughts) that are not common in the location´s history. Egypt is considered
one of the countries that are vulnerable to climate change impact because it is located
in a region that falls between semi-arid and arid conditions, where 94.5% of Egypt
total area is desert. The 5.5% of the area is populated with 95 million inhabitants that
where the River Nile and the coastal area. The objective of this study is to assess the
climate impact using different indicators (humidity, average maximum temperature)
on cereals production and technical efficiency in five governorates (Behera, Gharbia,
Kafr-Elsheikh, Dakahlia, and Sharkia) from the year 2000 to the year 2009.
The graphical analysis of the mean Vegetation Condition Index (VHI) exhibits a
positive trend over time for the analyzed governorates and the Agricultural Stress
Index (ASI) indicator exhibits high fluctuations for season 2 compared with season
1 considering the higher the index value the more likelihood of facing drought. The
increase in the ASI was more intense for Behera, Gharbia, Sharkia, which represent
the old lands and New Valley that represent the new lands. Results of the frontier
analysis, production elasticity estimates indicate that, for all governorates, the cultivated area has the largest positive effect on the quantity produced. In the case of the
rice model, cultivated land, labor and fertilizers are found to have statistically significant influence; lagged rice production has an adverse impact on current production
because of the government policy to minimize water resources consumption. Also
the results of the analysis show that the average maximum temperature and humidity
are found to increase the technical inefficiency of the cereals producers.
The book ends with the conclusions and recommendations in last chapter.
Acknowledgements The editors who wrote this chapter would like to acknowledge the authors of
the chapters for their efforts during the different phases of the book including their inputs in this
chapter.
References
1. Mubaya C, Mafongoya P (2017) The role of institutions in managing local level climate change
adaptation in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Climate Risk Manag 16:93–105
2. United Nations (2018) Implementation of the framework for capacity-building in developing
countries. Framework convention on climate change subsidiary body for implementation fortyeighth session (Bonn, 30 April to 10 May 2018)