Exploring Changes in the Agricultural Calendar as a Response …
269
We know little, as this chapter shows, about how weather and climate, mediated by
farmer decision-making and available technology, influence crop area, and intensity,
especially on a global level.
More research needs to be done to enhance our understanding of: (1) the impacts of
relatively less studied extreme weather events on crop area, intensity, and production;
(2) climate influences on crop production by changing the work schedule and the
workability of the field; and (3) responses of farmers to climate shocks under different
economic conditions and different technology access. To develop more climateresilient crop production systems, a global analysis of these issues is crucial.
We are now taking into consideration certain specific gaps in knowledge, which
need to be addressed in order to deepen our understanding of climate impacts on
crop production.
In view of global climate change, food trade globalization and the growing importance of food imports to maintain national food balance in many countries, we claim
that addressing these knowledge gaps globally is crucial.
References
1. Adger N, Agrawala S, Mirza MMQ, Conde CO, Brien K, Pulhin J, Pulwarty R, Smit B,
Takahashi T (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In:
Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change
2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability contribution of working group II to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 717–743
2. Müller C, Cramer W, Hare WL, Lotze-Campen H (2011) Climate change risks for African
agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:4313–4315
3. Mengistu D (2011) Farmers’ perception and knowledge of climate change and their coping
strategies to the related hazards: case study from Adiha, Central Tigray, Ethiopia. Agric Sci
2(2):138–145. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2011.22020
4. Tarhule A, Lamb P (2003) Climate research and seasonal forecasting for West Africans: perceptions, disseminations, and use? Bull Am Meteor Soc 84:1741–1759. https://doi.org/10.1175/
BAMS-84-12-1741
5. World Bank (2015) Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator. 24 Aug 2015
6. El-Nahrawy MA (2011) Egypt. Country pasture/forage resource profiles. FAO
7. Deschenes O, Greenstone M (2006) The economic impacts of climate change: evidence from
agricultural output and random fluctuations in weather. Am Econ Rev 97(1):354–385
8. Charles N, Rashid H (2007) Micro-level analysis of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in
Southern Africa. IFPRI discussion paper 00714 Washington DC, USA
9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation,
and vulnerability. In: McCarthy JJ et al (eds) Contribution of working group II to the third
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK
10. Watson R, Zinyoera M, Moss R (1998) The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment
of vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
11. IPCC (2014) Climate change. Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. In: Field CB, Barros VR,
Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD (eds) Part A: Global and sectoral aspects, contribution
of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change
269
We know little, as this chapter shows, about how weather and climate, mediated by
farmer decision-making and available technology, influence crop area, and intensity,
especially on a global level.
More research needs to be done to enhance our understanding of: (1) the impacts of
relatively less studied extreme weather events on crop area, intensity, and production;
(2) climate influences on crop production by changing the work schedule and the
workability of the field; and (3) responses of farmers to climate shocks under different
economic conditions and different technology access. To develop more climateresilient crop production systems, a global analysis of these issues is crucial.
We are now taking into consideration certain specific gaps in knowledge, which
need to be addressed in order to deepen our understanding of climate impacts on
crop production.
In view of global climate change, food trade globalization and the growing importance of food imports to maintain national food balance in many countries, we claim
that addressing these knowledge gaps globally is crucial.
References
1. Adger N, Agrawala S, Mirza MMQ, Conde CO, Brien K, Pulhin J, Pulwarty R, Smit B,
Takahashi T (2007) Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In:
Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change
2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability contribution of working group II to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 717–743
2. Müller C, Cramer W, Hare WL, Lotze-Campen H (2011) Climate change risks for African
agriculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:4313–4315
3. Mengistu D (2011) Farmers’ perception and knowledge of climate change and their coping
strategies to the related hazards: case study from Adiha, Central Tigray, Ethiopia. Agric Sci
2(2):138–145. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2011.22020
4. Tarhule A, Lamb P (2003) Climate research and seasonal forecasting for West Africans: perceptions, disseminations, and use? Bull Am Meteor Soc 84:1741–1759. https://doi.org/10.1175/
BAMS-84-12-1741
5. World Bank (2015) Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator. 24 Aug 2015
6. El-Nahrawy MA (2011) Egypt. Country pasture/forage resource profiles. FAO
7. Deschenes O, Greenstone M (2006) The economic impacts of climate change: evidence from
agricultural output and random fluctuations in weather. Am Econ Rev 97(1):354–385
8. Charles N, Rashid H (2007) Micro-level analysis of farmers’ adaptation to climate change in
Southern Africa. IFPRI discussion paper 00714 Washington DC, USA
9. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001) Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation,
and vulnerability. In: McCarthy JJ et al (eds) Contribution of working group II to the third
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, UK
10. Watson R, Zinyoera M, Moss R (1998) The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment
of vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
11. IPCC (2014) Climate change. Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. In: Field CB, Barros VR,
Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD (eds) Part A: Global and sectoral aspects, contribution
of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change