240
M. A. M. Osman and M. A. Shebl
References
1. Waser NM (2005) Specialization and generalization in plant-pollinator interactions. Chicago
University Press, pp 1–441
2. Michener CD (2007) The world of the bees, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, xvi+953 pp
3. Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Dafni A, O’Toole C (1994) Pollination syndromes in the Mediterranean: generalizations and
peculiarities. In: Arianoutsou M, Groves R (eds) Plant-animal interactions in Mediterraneantype ecosystems. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 34. Dordrecht, Boston & London, pp
125–135
5. Daily GC (1997) Nature’s services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press,
Washington, D.C., 392 pp
6. Freitas BM, Paxton RJ (1998) A comparison of two pollinators: the introduced honey bee
Apis mellifera and an indigenous bee Centris tarsata on cashew Anacardium occidentale in
its native range of NE Brazil. J Appl Ecol 35(1):109–121
7. Garibaldi LA, Dewenter IS, Winfree R, Aizen MA, Bommarco R, Cunningham SA, Kremen
C, Carvalheiro LG, Harder LD, Afik O, Bartomeus I, Benjamin F, Boreux V, Cariveau D,
Chacoff NP, Dudenhöffer JH, Freitas BM, Ghazoul J, Greenleaf S, Hipólito J, Holzschuh
A, Howlett B, Isaacs R, Javorek SK, Kennedy CM, Krewenka KM, Krishnan S, Mandelik
Y, Mayfield MM, Motzke I, Munyuli T, Nault BA, Otieno M, Petersen J, Pisanty G, Potts
SG, Rader R, Ricketts TH, Rundlöf M, Seymour CL, Schüepp C, Szentgyörgyi H, Taki
H, Tscharntke T, Vergara CH, Viana BF, Wanger TC, Westphal C, Williams N, Klein AM
(2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science
339:1608–1611
8. James RR, Pitts-Singer TL (2008) Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems. Oxford
University Press, New York, 232 pp
9. Greenleaf SS, Kremen C (2006) Wild bees enhance honey bees’ pollination of hybrid
sunflower. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:13890–13895
10. Chagnon M, Gingras J, Deoliveira D (1993) Complementary aspects of strawberry pollination
by honey and indigenous bees (Hymenoptera). J Econ Entomol 86:416–420
11. Brown, MJF, Paxton RJ (2009) The conservation of bees: a global perspective. Apidologie
40:410–416
12. Dicks LV, Abrahams A, Atkinson J, Biesmeijer J, Bourn N, Brown C, Brown JFM, Carvell C,
Connolly C, Cresswell EJ, Croft P, Darvill B, De Zylva P, Effingham P, Fountain M, Goggin
A, Harding D, Harding T, Hartfield C, Heard SM, Heathcote R, Heaver D, Holland J, Howe
M, Hughes B, Huxley T, Kunin W, Little J, Mason C, Memmott J, Osborne J, Pankhurst T,
Paxton JR, Pocock JOM, Potts GS, Power FE, Raine EN, Ranelagh E, Roberts S, Saunders R,
Smith K, Smith MR, Sutton P, Tilley ANL, Tinsley A, Tonhasca A, Vanbergen JA, Webster
S, Wilson A, Sutherland JW (2013) Identifying key knowledge needs for evidence-based
conservation of wild insect pollinators: a collaborative cross-sectoral exercise. Insect Conserv
Divers 6:339–353
13. Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010) Global
pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 25(6):345–353. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
14. Vanbergen AJ, Baude M, Biesmeijer JC, Britton NF, Brown MJF, Bryden J, Budge GE, Bull
JC, Carvell C, Challinor AJ, Connolly CN, Evans DJ, Feil EJ, Garratt MP, Greco MK, Heard
MS, Jansen VAA, Keeling MJ, Kunin WE, Marris GC, Memmott J, Murray JT, Nicolson
SW, Osborne JL, Paxton RJ, Pirk CWW, Polce C, Potts SG, Priest NK, Raine NE, Roberts
S, Ryabov EV, Shafir S, Shirley MDF, Simpson SJ, Stevenson PC, Stone GN, Termansen
M, Wright GA (2013) Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Front Ecol
Environ 11:251–259
15. TEEB (2010) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic
foundation. Earthscan, Cambridge
M. A. M. Osman and M. A. Shebl
References
1. Waser NM (2005) Specialization and generalization in plant-pollinator interactions. Chicago
University Press, pp 1–441
2. Michener CD (2007) The world of the bees, 2nd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, xvi+953 pp
3. Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4. Dafni A, O’Toole C (1994) Pollination syndromes in the Mediterranean: generalizations and
peculiarities. In: Arianoutsou M, Groves R (eds) Plant-animal interactions in Mediterraneantype ecosystems. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 34. Dordrecht, Boston & London, pp
125–135
5. Daily GC (1997) Nature’s services. Societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press,
Washington, D.C., 392 pp
6. Freitas BM, Paxton RJ (1998) A comparison of two pollinators: the introduced honey bee
Apis mellifera and an indigenous bee Centris tarsata on cashew Anacardium occidentale in
its native range of NE Brazil. J Appl Ecol 35(1):109–121
7. Garibaldi LA, Dewenter IS, Winfree R, Aizen MA, Bommarco R, Cunningham SA, Kremen
C, Carvalheiro LG, Harder LD, Afik O, Bartomeus I, Benjamin F, Boreux V, Cariveau D,
Chacoff NP, Dudenhöffer JH, Freitas BM, Ghazoul J, Greenleaf S, Hipólito J, Holzschuh
A, Howlett B, Isaacs R, Javorek SK, Kennedy CM, Krewenka KM, Krishnan S, Mandelik
Y, Mayfield MM, Motzke I, Munyuli T, Nault BA, Otieno M, Petersen J, Pisanty G, Potts
SG, Rader R, Ricketts TH, Rundlöf M, Seymour CL, Schüepp C, Szentgyörgyi H, Taki
H, Tscharntke T, Vergara CH, Viana BF, Wanger TC, Westphal C, Williams N, Klein AM
(2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science
339:1608–1611
8. James RR, Pitts-Singer TL (2008) Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems. Oxford
University Press, New York, 232 pp
9. Greenleaf SS, Kremen C (2006) Wild bees enhance honey bees’ pollination of hybrid
sunflower. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:13890–13895
10. Chagnon M, Gingras J, Deoliveira D (1993) Complementary aspects of strawberry pollination
by honey and indigenous bees (Hymenoptera). J Econ Entomol 86:416–420
11. Brown, MJF, Paxton RJ (2009) The conservation of bees: a global perspective. Apidologie
40:410–416
12. Dicks LV, Abrahams A, Atkinson J, Biesmeijer J, Bourn N, Brown C, Brown JFM, Carvell C,
Connolly C, Cresswell EJ, Croft P, Darvill B, De Zylva P, Effingham P, Fountain M, Goggin
A, Harding D, Harding T, Hartfield C, Heard SM, Heathcote R, Heaver D, Holland J, Howe
M, Hughes B, Huxley T, Kunin W, Little J, Mason C, Memmott J, Osborne J, Pankhurst T,
Paxton JR, Pocock JOM, Potts GS, Power FE, Raine EN, Ranelagh E, Roberts S, Saunders R,
Smith K, Smith MR, Sutton P, Tilley ANL, Tinsley A, Tonhasca A, Vanbergen JA, Webster
S, Wilson A, Sutherland JW (2013) Identifying key knowledge needs for evidence-based
conservation of wild insect pollinators: a collaborative cross-sectoral exercise. Insect Conserv
Divers 6:339–353
13. Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010) Global
pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 25(6):345–353. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007
14. Vanbergen AJ, Baude M, Biesmeijer JC, Britton NF, Brown MJF, Bryden J, Budge GE, Bull
JC, Carvell C, Challinor AJ, Connolly CN, Evans DJ, Feil EJ, Garratt MP, Greco MK, Heard
MS, Jansen VAA, Keeling MJ, Kunin WE, Marris GC, Memmott J, Murray JT, Nicolson
SW, Osborne JL, Paxton RJ, Pirk CWW, Polce C, Potts SG, Priest NK, Raine NE, Roberts
S, Ryabov EV, Shafir S, Shirley MDF, Simpson SJ, Stevenson PC, Stone GN, Termansen
M, Wright GA (2013) Threats to an ecosystem service: pressures on pollinators. Front Ecol
Environ 11:251–259
15. TEEB (2010) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity: ecological and economic
foundation. Earthscan, Cambridge