10
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
order to implement the 2030 Agenda, which provide a framework for policy dialog
and the development of appropriate policies, strategies, regulations and incentives
[9]. More than 40% of the Arab population has already been exposed to drought
and other climate disasters [10]. The chapter also discusses the definition of the
term vulnerability in general, analyze the vulnerability of the Near East and North
Africa Region to climate change due to its limited natural resources of water scarcity
and land degradation, that will be even worse by climate change providing detailed
information on the impact of climate change on different farming system in the Arb
Region and the regional efforts including the “ Regional Initiative for the Assessment
of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region’ (RICCAR)”. The chapter also provides a summary of
the farming system in Egypt and its vulnerability to climate change focusing on the
water resources (the Nile, rainfall and the groundwater) as well as the impact of
climate change due to expected sea level rise and changes in the ecosystems of the
lakes in the Nile Delta. The chapter also discusses the vulnerability of both crop
and livestock production systems in Egypt as well as the fishery production system
providing an estimation of the change in the crop, livestock and fishery production
and the impact of that on the small scale farmers in Egypt. The chapter also discusses
the strategies that have been developed by the Egyptian government to enhance the
adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change including “Egypt vision 2030”
and the climate change adaptation efforts undertaken by the government.
The second chapter under the smart farming theme is titled “Vulnerability of Crop
Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change”. The chapter explains how climate change threatens the ecosystem services, especially crop pollination, as a result
of its impact on the biodiversity of pollinators, reduces crop productivity, and negatively impacts global food security. In Egypt, over the last 20 years, due to the increase
of temperature, a lot of impacts have affected the agriculture ecosystem, especially
to flora and fauna, including wild and domestic bees. This led to the disappearance
of some species, and some other species have become more superior for dominating
in the ecosystem. In the future, it is expected that there will be increasing impacts.
Beside the impact of climate change in Egypt, several bee species are threatened by
nesting fragmentation, habitat elimination, degradation, and urbanization. Climate
change is also expected to have some more changes in the bee generations and their
intercorrelations with their foraging resources. There is evidence that many parasitic mites, diseases, and pathogens have a great impact on the managed honey bee
colonies across Egypt, which probably the factors are leading to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Pesticides also are a key factor behind colony collapse disorder (CCD),
directly and in tandem with two leading co-factors, pathogens, and a shortage of natural resources. Climate change and human interference such as miss management
of honey bee races have a great influence on the spreading and weakness of honeybees. Recently, there is a lot of efforts for protecting and conserving plant pollinators
with a particular interest with honey and solitary bees. In Egypt, many efforts are
ongoing for protecting the habitats of some solitary bees present in Egypt. These
attempts have already succeeded in re-nesting and establishing three bee species.
E.-S. E. Omran and A. M. Negm
order to implement the 2030 Agenda, which provide a framework for policy dialog
and the development of appropriate policies, strategies, regulations and incentives
[9]. More than 40% of the Arab population has already been exposed to drought
and other climate disasters [10]. The chapter also discusses the definition of the
term vulnerability in general, analyze the vulnerability of the Near East and North
Africa Region to climate change due to its limited natural resources of water scarcity
and land degradation, that will be even worse by climate change providing detailed
information on the impact of climate change on different farming system in the Arb
Region and the regional efforts including the “ Regional Initiative for the Assessment
of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region’ (RICCAR)”. The chapter also provides a summary of
the farming system in Egypt and its vulnerability to climate change focusing on the
water resources (the Nile, rainfall and the groundwater) as well as the impact of
climate change due to expected sea level rise and changes in the ecosystems of the
lakes in the Nile Delta. The chapter also discusses the vulnerability of both crop
and livestock production systems in Egypt as well as the fishery production system
providing an estimation of the change in the crop, livestock and fishery production
and the impact of that on the small scale farmers in Egypt. The chapter also discusses
the strategies that have been developed by the Egyptian government to enhance the
adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change including “Egypt vision 2030”
and the climate change adaptation efforts undertaken by the government.
The second chapter under the smart farming theme is titled “Vulnerability of Crop
Pollination Ecosystem Services to Climate Change”. The chapter explains how climate change threatens the ecosystem services, especially crop pollination, as a result
of its impact on the biodiversity of pollinators, reduces crop productivity, and negatively impacts global food security. In Egypt, over the last 20 years, due to the increase
of temperature, a lot of impacts have affected the agriculture ecosystem, especially
to flora and fauna, including wild and domestic bees. This led to the disappearance
of some species, and some other species have become more superior for dominating
in the ecosystem. In the future, it is expected that there will be increasing impacts.
Beside the impact of climate change in Egypt, several bee species are threatened by
nesting fragmentation, habitat elimination, degradation, and urbanization. Climate
change is also expected to have some more changes in the bee generations and their
intercorrelations with their foraging resources. There is evidence that many parasitic mites, diseases, and pathogens have a great impact on the managed honey bee
colonies across Egypt, which probably the factors are leading to Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Pesticides also are a key factor behind colony collapse disorder (CCD),
directly and in tandem with two leading co-factors, pathogens, and a shortage of natural resources. Climate change and human interference such as miss management
of honey bee races have a great influence on the spreading and weakness of honeybees. Recently, there is a lot of efforts for protecting and conserving plant pollinators
with a particular interest with honey and solitary bees. In Egypt, many efforts are
ongoing for protecting the habitats of some solitary bees present in Egypt. These
attempts have already succeeded in re-nesting and establishing three bee species.