metabolites and acetaminophen, two pharmaceuticals with a high consumption rate
among Portuguese population [46].
To be able to overcome the challenges of analyzing highly complex matrices and
in order to detect and quantify NSAIDs in seawater (Baltic Sea, port of Gdynia, and
the Gulf of Gdansk near the village of Mechelinki) and wastewater samples collected
in Poland, Caban et al. developed a SPE-GC-MS (with selected ion monitoring
modes) method based on the derivatization of NSAIDs by dimethyl(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)silyldiethylamine. Authors provided a very useful new method for
the determination of NSAIDs especially in complex matrices such as
wastewaters [47].
Seven NSAIDs among many other organic contaminants were analyzed in coastal
waters of southwestern Taiwan (Tainan coast, Kaohsiung coast, and Pingdong coast)
by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass
spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS). Method detection limits for NSAIDs ranged from
2 (acetaminophen) to 5.5 (naproxen) ng/L in seawater. Only, ketoprofen, ibuprofen,
and acetaminophen were detected; the latter was detected in 100% of the samples
analyzed. Authors emphasized the importance of further studies in coastal areas in
order to investigate temporal pollutant variations, such as periods of reduced river
discharge in dry season and stormwater discharges during wet season [48].
Bayen et al. analyzed seawater from Singapore. Sampling occurred below surface
(3 m depth) and during the relatively dry phase of Singapore’s Southwest Monsoon
Season, characterized by mean daily rainfall (<150 mm). LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis
was performed, and naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac were quantified. According
to the authors of the study, their results indicate that concentrations of emerging
Table 5 (continued)
NSAID measured
Maximum level
reported in ng/L
Saline water source
References
Hydroxyibuprofen 287
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
190
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
1.5
Seawater from Tromsø-Sound,
Norway
[50]
Naproxen
178
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
171
Baltic sea, Gdańsk Bay, Poland
[47]
59
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
7.3
Singapore’s coastal waters from
8 sites
[51]
Nimesulide
7.33
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
0.46
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
Worldwide Occurrence, Detection, and Fate of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
73
among Portuguese population [46].
To be able to overcome the challenges of analyzing highly complex matrices and
in order to detect and quantify NSAIDs in seawater (Baltic Sea, port of Gdynia, and
the Gulf of Gdansk near the village of Mechelinki) and wastewater samples collected
in Poland, Caban et al. developed a SPE-GC-MS (with selected ion monitoring
modes) method based on the derivatization of NSAIDs by dimethyl(3,3,3trifluoropropyl)silyldiethylamine. Authors provided a very useful new method for
the determination of NSAIDs especially in complex matrices such as
wastewaters [47].
Seven NSAIDs among many other organic contaminants were analyzed in coastal
waters of southwestern Taiwan (Tainan coast, Kaohsiung coast, and Pingdong coast)
by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass
spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS). Method detection limits for NSAIDs ranged from
2 (acetaminophen) to 5.5 (naproxen) ng/L in seawater. Only, ketoprofen, ibuprofen,
and acetaminophen were detected; the latter was detected in 100% of the samples
analyzed. Authors emphasized the importance of further studies in coastal areas in
order to investigate temporal pollutant variations, such as periods of reduced river
discharge in dry season and stormwater discharges during wet season [48].
Bayen et al. analyzed seawater from Singapore. Sampling occurred below surface
(3 m depth) and during the relatively dry phase of Singapore’s Southwest Monsoon
Season, characterized by mean daily rainfall (<150 mm). LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis
was performed, and naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac were quantified. According
to the authors of the study, their results indicate that concentrations of emerging
Table 5 (continued)
NSAID measured
Maximum level
reported in ng/L
Saline water source
References
Hydroxyibuprofen 287
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
190
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
1.5
Seawater from Tromsø-Sound,
Norway
[50]
Naproxen
178
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
171
Baltic sea, Gdańsk Bay, Poland
[47]
59
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
7.3
Singapore’s coastal waters from
8 sites
[51]
Nimesulide
7.33
Atlantic Ocean, North Portuguese
coast, 14 bathing beaches
[45]
0.46
North Portuguese coast, 3 bathing
beaches near to Oporto
[46]
Worldwide Occurrence, Detection, and Fate of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
73