NSAID concentrations in saline waters. Figure 2 details the defined inclusion criteria
used for study selection.
Table 5 shows a summary of the NSAIDs and their maximum concentrations
found in different saline water sources worldwide.
Fontes et al. took water samples from six sites surrounding the submarine sewage
outfall in Santos Bay in Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the occurrence of diclofenac.
By means of LC-MS/MS and with a limit of detection of 0.81 ng/L and a limit of
quantification of 3.0 ng/L, they were able to determine diclofenac concentrations up
to 4.01 ng/L in surface samples and 4.78 ng/L in bottom samples. Authors explained
the occurrence of diclofenac, especially in the bottom samples, by the lower sunlight
in these samples, avoiding photodegradation. In this study, ecotoxicity assays were
also conducted by assessing the effects of diclofenac containing water on the brown
mussel Perna perna. Authors found cyto-genotoxicity in adult mussels exposed
to ng/L levels as well as lipid peroxidation, lysosomal membrane destabilization, and
COX inhibition [52].
Pusceddu et al. used liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass
spectrometry on a negative acquisition mode (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to determine ibuprofen from sediments of five sampling sites within the surroundings of the sewage
outfall of Santos Bay. Limits of detection and quantification were 2.12 and 7.09 ng/g
of sediment, respectively. They also evaluated the chronic effects of ibuprofen for
three marine species. Ibuprofen affected the development of Lytechinus variegatus
and Perna perna and caused a significant decrease in Mytella charruana lysosomal
membrane stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.15 ng/g of sediment). Authors declared that these are the first data of sediment risk assessment of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products of Latin America [53].
Several NSAIDs were evaluated by Lolić et al. in 14 bathing beaches of the North
Portuguese coast. LC-MS was utilized with the following limits of detection in ng/L:
acetaminophen 0.3, acetylsalicylic acid 0.10, carboxyibuprofen 8.18, diclofenac
0.02, hydroxyibuprofen 3.90, ibuprofen 0.08, ketoprofen 0.3, naproxen 0.02, and
nimesulide 0.06. Authors highlighted that sampling locations were chosen taking
into account the bathing water quality of the beaches (excellent, good, or sufficient,
according to European regulation). Interestingly, and since the quality classification
only takes into account microbiological parameters, hazard quotients higher than one
were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. The highest
concentrations for most of the pharmaceuticals found in seawaters were reported
in a very densely populated area, namely, the Porto coastal area. Finally, the results
showed that diclofenac was the only pharmaceutical that might be expected to pose
an ecotoxicological risk to organisms [45].
Paíga et al. developed a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method to study
13 NSAIDs and metabolites in three beaches located near Oporto in the Northern
Portuguese coast. Limits of detection and of quantification ranged from 0.02
(naproxen) to 8.18 ng/L (carboxyibuprofen) and 0.06 (naproxen) to 24.8 ng/L
(carboxy-ibuprofen), respectively. The concentrations detected for the different
pharmaceuticals varied from 0.46 ng/L for nimesulide to 600.5 ng/L for
carboxyibuprofen, being the highest concentrations reported for ibuprofen and its
Worldwide Occurrence, Detection, and Fate of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
71
used for study selection.
Table 5 shows a summary of the NSAIDs and their maximum concentrations
found in different saline water sources worldwide.
Fontes et al. took water samples from six sites surrounding the submarine sewage
outfall in Santos Bay in Sao Paulo, Brazil, to evaluate the occurrence of diclofenac.
By means of LC-MS/MS and with a limit of detection of 0.81 ng/L and a limit of
quantification of 3.0 ng/L, they were able to determine diclofenac concentrations up
to 4.01 ng/L in surface samples and 4.78 ng/L in bottom samples. Authors explained
the occurrence of diclofenac, especially in the bottom samples, by the lower sunlight
in these samples, avoiding photodegradation. In this study, ecotoxicity assays were
also conducted by assessing the effects of diclofenac containing water on the brown
mussel Perna perna. Authors found cyto-genotoxicity in adult mussels exposed
to ng/L levels as well as lipid peroxidation, lysosomal membrane destabilization, and
COX inhibition [52].
Pusceddu et al. used liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass
spectrometry on a negative acquisition mode (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to determine ibuprofen from sediments of five sampling sites within the surroundings of the sewage
outfall of Santos Bay. Limits of detection and quantification were 2.12 and 7.09 ng/g
of sediment, respectively. They also evaluated the chronic effects of ibuprofen for
three marine species. Ibuprofen affected the development of Lytechinus variegatus
and Perna perna and caused a significant decrease in Mytella charruana lysosomal
membrane stability at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.15 ng/g of sediment). Authors declared that these are the first data of sediment risk assessment of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products of Latin America [53].
Several NSAIDs were evaluated by Lolić et al. in 14 bathing beaches of the North
Portuguese coast. LC-MS was utilized with the following limits of detection in ng/L:
acetaminophen 0.3, acetylsalicylic acid 0.10, carboxyibuprofen 8.18, diclofenac
0.02, hydroxyibuprofen 3.90, ibuprofen 0.08, ketoprofen 0.3, naproxen 0.02, and
nimesulide 0.06. Authors highlighted that sampling locations were chosen taking
into account the bathing water quality of the beaches (excellent, good, or sufficient,
according to European regulation). Interestingly, and since the quality classification
only takes into account microbiological parameters, hazard quotients higher than one
were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. The highest
concentrations for most of the pharmaceuticals found in seawaters were reported
in a very densely populated area, namely, the Porto coastal area. Finally, the results
showed that diclofenac was the only pharmaceutical that might be expected to pose
an ecotoxicological risk to organisms [45].
Paíga et al. developed a UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analytical method to study
13 NSAIDs and metabolites in three beaches located near Oporto in the Northern
Portuguese coast. Limits of detection and of quantification ranged from 0.02
(naproxen) to 8.18 ng/L (carboxyibuprofen) and 0.06 (naproxen) to 24.8 ng/L
(carboxy-ibuprofen), respectively. The concentrations detected for the different
pharmaceuticals varied from 0.46 ng/L for nimesulide to 600.5 ng/L for
carboxyibuprofen, being the highest concentrations reported for ibuprofen and its
Worldwide Occurrence, Detection, and Fate of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory. . .
71