Due to their physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic behavior, stability,
and half-life, these drugs tend to remain in the aqueous phase and are able to resist
wastewater treatments. For this reason NSAIDs are not totally eliminated in water
treatment plants, and therefore, they can be detected frequently in surface waters
causing a potential risk in the water supply.
This group of medicines has a main characteristic that they are not necessarily
persistent in the environment to cause negative effects on it, but its continuous
introduction into the environment can generate deleterious effects on aquatic
organisms.
Most NSAIDs can undergo abiotic transformations such as photodegradation
generating degradation products that are more toxic than the original compounds.
These compounds also undergo biotransformation processes in aquatic organisms
generating metabolites.
Many studies have been conducted in aquatic organisms to evaluate the toxicity
of NSAIDs in freshwater environments. The effects that have been identified by
exposure to NSAIDs are diverse, including overexpression of cyclooxygenases,
increase in CYP1A1 activity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, early
developmental alterations, teratogenesis, histological effects, and hematological
effects between others. These toxic effects have been identified in species of algae,
crustaceans, amphipods, rotifers, amphibians, and fish, among other species.
Various methods have also been used to try to remove NSAIDs from different
types of effluents and waters, with regular and good removal rates, among these
technologies: photolysis, photocatalysis, Fenton reactions, modified Fenton,
ozonolysis, and nanotechnologies.
Several studies have confirmed the high and ubiquitous occurrence of NSAIDs in
the freshwater. However, no information has been reported on the occurrence of
these pollutants in the marine environments. It is recommended to assess in depth the
occurrence, behavior and fate of these pollutants in these water bodies, as their
consumption is likely to increase.
There is a need to investigate new alternative post-treatment techniques for
NSAIDs removal from wastewater.
As numerous studies have shown NSAIDs-induced harmful toxic effects on
non-targeted organisms, we conclude these drugs are a potential threat to the
environment. However, further research is needed to better understand the neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption effects of these pollutants. It is also important to
harmonize study methodologies to assess toxicological effects.
338
L. M. Gómez-Oliván
and half-life, these drugs tend to remain in the aqueous phase and are able to resist
wastewater treatments. For this reason NSAIDs are not totally eliminated in water
treatment plants, and therefore, they can be detected frequently in surface waters
causing a potential risk in the water supply.
This group of medicines has a main characteristic that they are not necessarily
persistent in the environment to cause negative effects on it, but its continuous
introduction into the environment can generate deleterious effects on aquatic
organisms.
Most NSAIDs can undergo abiotic transformations such as photodegradation
generating degradation products that are more toxic than the original compounds.
These compounds also undergo biotransformation processes in aquatic organisms
generating metabolites.
Many studies have been conducted in aquatic organisms to evaluate the toxicity
of NSAIDs in freshwater environments. The effects that have been identified by
exposure to NSAIDs are diverse, including overexpression of cyclooxygenases,
increase in CYP1A1 activity, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, early
developmental alterations, teratogenesis, histological effects, and hematological
effects between others. These toxic effects have been identified in species of algae,
crustaceans, amphipods, rotifers, amphibians, and fish, among other species.
Various methods have also been used to try to remove NSAIDs from different
types of effluents and waters, with regular and good removal rates, among these
technologies: photolysis, photocatalysis, Fenton reactions, modified Fenton,
ozonolysis, and nanotechnologies.
Several studies have confirmed the high and ubiquitous occurrence of NSAIDs in
the freshwater. However, no information has been reported on the occurrence of
these pollutants in the marine environments. It is recommended to assess in depth the
occurrence, behavior and fate of these pollutants in these water bodies, as their
consumption is likely to increase.
There is a need to investigate new alternative post-treatment techniques for
NSAIDs removal from wastewater.
As numerous studies have shown NSAIDs-induced harmful toxic effects on
non-targeted organisms, we conclude these drugs are a potential threat to the
environment. However, further research is needed to better understand the neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption effects of these pollutants. It is also important to
harmonize study methodologies to assess toxicological effects.
338
L. M. Gómez-Oliván
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