membranes and a combined membrane process in order to remove nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and improved the quality of water.
2 Consumption and Presence of NSAIDs in Wastewater
Worldwide acute or chronic pain and fever are the main symptoms of numerous
disorders and are the main reasons for medical consultation. Inflammation is a
pathogenetic factor in many diseases and also is an outcome of physical damage
(blows and injuries, among others). In classical medicine are used drugs possessing
antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [6], to counteract these
symptoms.
Among the most common pharmaceuticals are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), and the most consumed of these drugs in the world are diclofenac,
ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid. For example, in Germany
in 2001, they reported a consumption of acetylsalicylic acid 836 tons, paracetamol
622 tons, ibuprofen 345 tons, and diclofenac 86 tons. In England in 2000, the use of
naproxen was 35 tons [7]. The occurrence of several drugs has been reported in are
sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, as well as in surface and drinking water in
Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United States
[6, 8–15].
Various drugs have been extensively studied, such as ibuprofen (IBU), (RS)-2(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid; naproxen (NPX), (+)-(S)-2(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) propanoic acid; and ketoprofen (KPF), (RS)-2(3-benzoylphenyl) propanoic acid, not only in wastewater but also in drinking
water sources [14, 16, 17]. Salgado et al. [18] identified 73 pharmaceutical active
compounds of diverse families in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
Shanmugam et al. [1] report presence of diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid in surface waters from 27 locations of the Kaveri, Vellar,
and Tamiraparani Rivers in Southern India. Farré et al. [19] describe a work
collaboration of 13 laboratories distributed in nine European Countries exercise
for the analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The compounds
selected in this study were ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac. Analyses samples were river water, wastewater, and artificial water (fortified environmental and distilled water) with different ranges of complexity. For its part, Petrovic
et al. [20] also reports presence of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Table 1
summarizes the concentration ranges of NSAIDs detected in these papers.
Some research has focused on the NSAID residues in the environment. Nishi
et al. [21] monitored the concentrations of seven NSAIDs in domestic wastewater in
Japan. The concentration averages of diclofenac, ibuprofen, salicylic acid,
ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, felbinac, and naproxen in wastewater were, in order,
259.7, 162.9, 55.3, 48.3, 39.7, 30.8, and 11.8 mgL
À1 , respectively. Lolić et al. [22]
recognize maximum concentrations between 5.34 mg L
À1 and 1,227 ng L
À1 for
acetylsalicylic acid and carboxyibuprofen, respectively, in seawaters of Portugal.
Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
263
2 Consumption and Presence of NSAIDs in Wastewater
Worldwide acute or chronic pain and fever are the main symptoms of numerous
disorders and are the main reasons for medical consultation. Inflammation is a
pathogenetic factor in many diseases and also is an outcome of physical damage
(blows and injuries, among others). In classical medicine are used drugs possessing
antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [6], to counteract these
symptoms.
Among the most common pharmaceuticals are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs), and the most consumed of these drugs in the world are diclofenac,
ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid. For example, in Germany
in 2001, they reported a consumption of acetylsalicylic acid 836 tons, paracetamol
622 tons, ibuprofen 345 tons, and diclofenac 86 tons. In England in 2000, the use of
naproxen was 35 tons [7]. The occurrence of several drugs has been reported in are
sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, as well as in surface and drinking water in
Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United States
[6, 8–15].
Various drugs have been extensively studied, such as ibuprofen (IBU), (RS)-2(4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl) propanoic acid; naproxen (NPX), (+)-(S)-2(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) propanoic acid; and ketoprofen (KPF), (RS)-2(3-benzoylphenyl) propanoic acid, not only in wastewater but also in drinking
water sources [14, 16, 17]. Salgado et al. [18] identified 73 pharmaceutical active
compounds of diverse families in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.
Shanmugam et al. [1] report presence of diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid in surface waters from 27 locations of the Kaveri, Vellar,
and Tamiraparani Rivers in Southern India. Farré et al. [19] describe a work
collaboration of 13 laboratories distributed in nine European Countries exercise
for the analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The compounds
selected in this study were ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac. Analyses samples were river water, wastewater, and artificial water (fortified environmental and distilled water) with different ranges of complexity. For its part, Petrovic
et al. [20] also reports presence of analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Table 1
summarizes the concentration ranges of NSAIDs detected in these papers.
Some research has focused on the NSAID residues in the environment. Nishi
et al. [21] monitored the concentrations of seven NSAIDs in domestic wastewater in
Japan. The concentration averages of diclofenac, ibuprofen, salicylic acid,
ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, felbinac, and naproxen in wastewater were, in order,
259.7, 162.9, 55.3, 48.3, 39.7, 30.8, and 11.8 mgL
À1 , respectively. Lolić et al. [22]
recognize maximum concentrations between 5.34 mg L
À1 and 1,227 ng L
À1 for
acetylsalicylic acid and carboxyibuprofen, respectively, in seawaters of Portugal.
Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
263