1.5 Celecoxib
Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits COX-2
and is used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic used to treat rheumatic
diseases [49].
Xenopus laevis frog embryos were exposed to celecoxib, and LC 50 of 8.99 mg/L,
EC 50 of 5.8 mg/L, and an IT of 1.54 were obtained; mortality and malformations
increased according to the increase of celecoxib concentration. This pharmaceutical
generated several malformations being the most frequent in the intestine, edema,
hemorrhage, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels; mainly affected
systems were cardiovascular due to the induction of effects on vascular cutting
during development, which culminated in hemorrhage and edema, and digestive
system due to its important effects. According to the results obtained, celecoxib is a
teratogen pharmaceutical for this species [50].
1.6 Paracetamol
Paracetamol is a commonly used pharmaceutical; it is ubiquitous in the natural
environment, and it easily accumulates in the aquatic environment; paracetamol
has been detected in surface waters, sewage, and drinking water worldwide [51].
Daphnia magna exposure to paracetamol induced a significant increase in toxicity, with a dose-dependent behavior. The exposure of Scenedesmus subspicatus
algae gave as a result an impaired growth of 50% at 134 mg/L of paracetamol.
There were not significant effects in the exposure of Brachydanio fish embryos even
at concentrations of 1 g/L [52].
In the damage assessment of paracetamol in Xenopus laevis, the following
parameters were obtained, an LC 50 of 191.1 mg/L, EC 50 of 143.3 mg/L, and an IT
1.3. Based on the results obtained, paracetamol can be classified as an agent with low
teratogenic potential; however, it can generate malformations in the absence of
mortality. Malformations observed were intestinal, craniofacial, cardiac, pericardial,
and ophthalmic edema [53]. Another research reports that no statistically significant
differences were observed regarding the control group; however, all embryos
showed malformations such as tail bending edemas and abnormalities in bowel
curl; as for growth, no differences were found regarding the control group [40].
1.7 Acetylsalicylic Acid
It is a frequently used anti-inflammatory that is detected in the environment and
contributes to environmental pollution and has been detected in surface waters at
concentrations up to 340 ng/L [54].
124
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.
Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that selectively inhibits COX-2
and is used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic used to treat rheumatic
diseases [49].
Xenopus laevis frog embryos were exposed to celecoxib, and LC 50 of 8.99 mg/L,
EC 50 of 5.8 mg/L, and an IT of 1.54 were obtained; mortality and malformations
increased according to the increase of celecoxib concentration. This pharmaceutical
generated several malformations being the most frequent in the intestine, edema,
hemorrhage, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels; mainly affected
systems were cardiovascular due to the induction of effects on vascular cutting
during development, which culminated in hemorrhage and edema, and digestive
system due to its important effects. According to the results obtained, celecoxib is a
teratogen pharmaceutical for this species [50].
1.6 Paracetamol
Paracetamol is a commonly used pharmaceutical; it is ubiquitous in the natural
environment, and it easily accumulates in the aquatic environment; paracetamol
has been detected in surface waters, sewage, and drinking water worldwide [51].
Daphnia magna exposure to paracetamol induced a significant increase in toxicity, with a dose-dependent behavior. The exposure of Scenedesmus subspicatus
algae gave as a result an impaired growth of 50% at 134 mg/L of paracetamol.
There were not significant effects in the exposure of Brachydanio fish embryos even
at concentrations of 1 g/L [52].
In the damage assessment of paracetamol in Xenopus laevis, the following
parameters were obtained, an LC 50 of 191.1 mg/L, EC 50 of 143.3 mg/L, and an IT
1.3. Based on the results obtained, paracetamol can be classified as an agent with low
teratogenic potential; however, it can generate malformations in the absence of
mortality. Malformations observed were intestinal, craniofacial, cardiac, pericardial,
and ophthalmic edema [53]. Another research reports that no statistically significant
differences were observed regarding the control group; however, all embryos
showed malformations such as tail bending edemas and abnormalities in bowel
curl; as for growth, no differences were found regarding the control group [40].
1.7 Acetylsalicylic Acid
It is a frequently used anti-inflammatory that is detected in the environment and
contributes to environmental pollution and has been detected in surface waters at
concentrations up to 340 ng/L [54].
124
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.