exposure, as well decreased hatching rate of the progeny; this pharmaceutical is able
to increase the mortality, decline maturation of sperm and gametogenesis, and
produce developmental abnormalities; the most observed abnormalities due to
ibuprofen exposure were cardiac edema and spinal malformations, and exposed
embryos were also manifested [18].
Danio rerio embryos were exposed to ibuprofen 1 and 5 μg/L, mortality
increases, and a decrease in swimming was identified, as well as failures in the
response to stimuli. At 10 and 50 μg/L, ibuprofen increased mortality to 50%, and
developmental damage was manifested; the hatching rate was also affected, and the
most frequent malformations observed were failure in the organization of tail bud,
optic vesicle, brain, and somites, as well as a decrease in body weight, size, and heart
rate. At 100 μg/L, ibuprofen reached the highest degree of mortality to 57%, several
malformations were observed, cardiac abnormalities could be seen visibly, and the
most frequent malformations were cardiac edema, smaller size, absence of movement, and absence of response to external stimuli [38].
Ibuprofen concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L were tested in
Mytilus galloprovincialis; the exposure generated a dose-dependent behavior in
terms of embryonic development; at 100 and 1,000 μg/L, several malformations
were generated, the main one was convex hinge shells, and a LOAEC of 100 μg/L
was obtained; this pharmaceutical can adversely affect embryonic development of
bivalves at higher concentration than those detected in the environment [34].
Rana catesbeiana embryos were exposed to ibuprofen for 96 h; the first step was
to obtain the premetamorphic LC 50 , and it was 41.5 mg/L; then the specimens were
subsequently exposed to 15 μg/L which generated effects on hepatic transcriptome
and altered the levels of RNA in the liver; a reduction in the production of prostaglandins leads to effects in the metabolic state of this amphibian in the larval and
post-embryonic stages; also, this pharmaceutical can act as an endocrine disruptor,
disrupting the activity of certain genes that are involved in the metamorphosis
processes of Rana catesbeiana [39].
After the exposure to ibuprofen LC 50 , 56.7 mg/L, EC 50 39.9 mg/L, CMIC 30 mg/
L, and IT 1.4 were obtained; the main abnormality observed was thoracic edema, and
these results suggest that ibuprofen is a teratogenic pharmaceutical for X. laevis [40].
1.3 Naproxen
Naproxen is one of the anti-inflammatory drugs most commonly detected in bodies
of water, wastewater treatment plants, rivers, and surface water in concentrations
ranging from ng/L to μg/L [41, 42].
Danio rerio larvae were exposed to naproxen 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L, to
subsequently evaluate the bioconcentration and evaluate effects such as thyroid
disruption, as well as the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of this drug in
zebrafish. At 0.1 and 1 μg/L, naproxen did not induced significant toxic effects on
mortality compared to control group; however, at 10 μg/L, a 5% decrease in survival
122
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.
to increase the mortality, decline maturation of sperm and gametogenesis, and
produce developmental abnormalities; the most observed abnormalities due to
ibuprofen exposure were cardiac edema and spinal malformations, and exposed
embryos were also manifested [18].
Danio rerio embryos were exposed to ibuprofen 1 and 5 μg/L, mortality
increases, and a decrease in swimming was identified, as well as failures in the
response to stimuli. At 10 and 50 μg/L, ibuprofen increased mortality to 50%, and
developmental damage was manifested; the hatching rate was also affected, and the
most frequent malformations observed were failure in the organization of tail bud,
optic vesicle, brain, and somites, as well as a decrease in body weight, size, and heart
rate. At 100 μg/L, ibuprofen reached the highest degree of mortality to 57%, several
malformations were observed, cardiac abnormalities could be seen visibly, and the
most frequent malformations were cardiac edema, smaller size, absence of movement, and absence of response to external stimuli [38].
Ibuprofen concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 μg/L were tested in
Mytilus galloprovincialis; the exposure generated a dose-dependent behavior in
terms of embryonic development; at 100 and 1,000 μg/L, several malformations
were generated, the main one was convex hinge shells, and a LOAEC of 100 μg/L
was obtained; this pharmaceutical can adversely affect embryonic development of
bivalves at higher concentration than those detected in the environment [34].
Rana catesbeiana embryos were exposed to ibuprofen for 96 h; the first step was
to obtain the premetamorphic LC 50 , and it was 41.5 mg/L; then the specimens were
subsequently exposed to 15 μg/L which generated effects on hepatic transcriptome
and altered the levels of RNA in the liver; a reduction in the production of prostaglandins leads to effects in the metabolic state of this amphibian in the larval and
post-embryonic stages; also, this pharmaceutical can act as an endocrine disruptor,
disrupting the activity of certain genes that are involved in the metamorphosis
processes of Rana catesbeiana [39].
After the exposure to ibuprofen LC 50 , 56.7 mg/L, EC 50 39.9 mg/L, CMIC 30 mg/
L, and IT 1.4 were obtained; the main abnormality observed was thoracic edema, and
these results suggest that ibuprofen is a teratogenic pharmaceutical for X. laevis [40].
1.3 Naproxen
Naproxen is one of the anti-inflammatory drugs most commonly detected in bodies
of water, wastewater treatment plants, rivers, and surface water in concentrations
ranging from ng/L to μg/L [41, 42].
Danio rerio larvae were exposed to naproxen 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/L, to
subsequently evaluate the bioconcentration and evaluate effects such as thyroid
disruption, as well as the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of this drug in
zebrafish. At 0.1 and 1 μg/L, naproxen did not induced significant toxic effects on
mortality compared to control group; however, at 10 μg/L, a 5% decrease in survival
122
I. Pérez-Alvarez et al.