[14], increased oxidative damage and lipid catabolism in Dreissena piolymorpha
[15], cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Daphnia magna [16], stunting or growth
inhibition on Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus [17], and adverse effects
on reproduction and offspring in Danio rerio [18] to mention some; however, to
evidence this effects, bioassays must be done.
Biological methods or bioassays have been used for the determination of toxic on
early life stages; these tests assess acute toxicity of chemicals or effluents to embryo
and early life stages with lethality as the main endpoint [19].
Bioassays that focus on the evaluation of the development are important to
identify if a substance or mixture of them can generate alterations in development;
Phospholipase A2
Arachidonic acid
Platelet aggregation
Mucosal defense
Fluid balance
Pain
Fever
Vasodilation
Edema
Leukocyte infiltration
Anti-adhesion
Anti-aggregation
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins
NSAIDs
Membrane
COX-2
COX-1
Fig. 1 General NSAIDs mechanism of action [10]
Fig. 2 Main characteristics of NSAIDs [12]
Teratogenesis and Embryotoxicity Induced by Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory. . .
117