the BGE, sonication [127, 130, 132] or vacuum microfiltration [127] can be used.
The determination is performed at wavelengths of 200–300 nm [3, 100, 126–132].
The main advantages of CE are the use of microvolumes and faster speeds
compared to HPLC and GC. It consumes only microliters of sample and nanoliters
of electrolytic solutions, making it a very economical technique. A comparison of
the described techniques is shown in Table 3.
4 Conclusions
The concentrations of NSAIDs found in natural and wastewater in different countries are worrying due to the scarce knowledge about their potential long-term toxic
effects. The predominant methods for routine determination in water are GC and
HPLC in particular coupled to MS or MS/MS. These methods, together with
microextraction techniques, require a small amount of sample, are environmentally
safe friendly, and are not excessively expensive. However, the need to continuously
monitor the presence of NSAIDs and their degradation products in waters of diverse
Table 3 Techniques used in the identification and quantification of NSAIDs in water
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages Detectors References
Gas
chromatography
High resolution power
High sensitivity and
selectivity. Fast, simple, low-cost
Very expensive ultrapure
gases
Requires
derivatization
to achieve
volatile
samples
MS
[16, 30, 32, 44, 45, 48,
49, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
62, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79,
85, 87, 88, 90, 98,
106, 113, 114, 123]
MS/MS
[93, 123]
Liquid
chromatography
It applies to any
organic analyte. Versatility in the mobile
phase/stationary phase
mix and in the detectors. Efficiency and
accuracy
Toxic
reagents
Expensive
equipment
Detection
limits higher
than GC
MS/MS
[5, 7, 17, 19, 24, 28,
30, 42, 47, 50, 57, 60,
63, 69, 71–73, 78, 81,
83, 84, 103, 107, 110]
MS
[4, 13, 105].
UV
[55, 89, 95, 106, 109,
115]
DAD
[8, 43, 45, 86, 91, 92,
96, 102, 104]
DADMS
[43, 45]
Capillary
electrophoresis
Miniaturization
Low reagent consumption
High separation efficiency
Shorter analysis times
Low-cost and low
environmental impact
Less sensitive
and selective
than GC and
HPLC
EC-UV
[3, 128, 129]
EC-DAD [127, 130]
EC-ECD [121]
Quantification of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Water
99
The determination is performed at wavelengths of 200–300 nm [3, 100, 126–132].
The main advantages of CE are the use of microvolumes and faster speeds
compared to HPLC and GC. It consumes only microliters of sample and nanoliters
of electrolytic solutions, making it a very economical technique. A comparison of
the described techniques is shown in Table 3.
4 Conclusions
The concentrations of NSAIDs found in natural and wastewater in different countries are worrying due to the scarce knowledge about their potential long-term toxic
effects. The predominant methods for routine determination in water are GC and
HPLC in particular coupled to MS or MS/MS. These methods, together with
microextraction techniques, require a small amount of sample, are environmentally
safe friendly, and are not excessively expensive. However, the need to continuously
monitor the presence of NSAIDs and their degradation products in waters of diverse
Table 3 Techniques used in the identification and quantification of NSAIDs in water
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages Detectors References
Gas
chromatography
High resolution power
High sensitivity and
selectivity. Fast, simple, low-cost
Very expensive ultrapure
gases
Requires
derivatization
to achieve
volatile
samples
MS
[16, 30, 32, 44, 45, 48,
49, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59,
62, 66, 67, 75, 76, 79,
85, 87, 88, 90, 98,
106, 113, 114, 123]
MS/MS
[93, 123]
Liquid
chromatography
It applies to any
organic analyte. Versatility in the mobile
phase/stationary phase
mix and in the detectors. Efficiency and
accuracy
Toxic
reagents
Expensive
equipment
Detection
limits higher
than GC
MS/MS
[5, 7, 17, 19, 24, 28,
30, 42, 47, 50, 57, 60,
63, 69, 71–73, 78, 81,
83, 84, 103, 107, 110]
MS
[4, 13, 105].
UV
[55, 89, 95, 106, 109,
115]
DAD
[8, 43, 45, 86, 91, 92,
96, 102, 104]
DADMS
[43, 45]
Capillary
electrophoresis
Miniaturization
Low reagent consumption
High separation efficiency
Shorter analysis times
Low-cost and low
environmental impact
Less sensitive
and selective
than GC and
HPLC
EC-UV
[3, 128, 129]
EC-DAD [127, 130]
EC-ECD [121]
Quantification of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug in Water
99